Umubare w'ibikoresho bipima urimo kwiyongera ku isi no mu myanya idukikije, biha isi amakuru. Ibi bikoresho bihendutse ni byo bituma habaho iterambere rya interineti y'ibintu n'impinduramatwara y'ikoranabuhanga umuryango wacu uhanganye nayo, nyamara guhuza no kubona amakuru aturuka ku bikoresho bipima utuntu duto cyangwa duto ntabwo buri gihe bigenda neza cyangwa byoroshye. Iyi nyandiko izagaragaza urutonde rwa tekiniki rw'ibikoresho bipima utuntu duto, ubuhanga 5 bwo gushushanya n'ibigo bitanga serivisi z'ubucuruzi.
Mbere na mbere, igipimo cya tekiniki ni cyo shingiro ry’ingenzi mu kugena imikorere y’umusaruro. Sobanukirwa ibipimo bya tekiniki, fasha guhitamo neza no gukoresha neza umusaruro. Ibipimo bya tekiniki bya sensor bigabanyijemo ibipimo bya static n’ibipimo bya dynamic. Ibipimo bya static ahanini bisuzuma imikorere ya sensor mu gihe cy’ihindagurika rya static, harimo igisubizo, gusubiramo, ubushobozi bwo kumva, umurongo, ikosa ryo kugaruka, threshold, creep, stability n'ibindi. Igipimo cya dynamic ahanini gisuzuma imikorere ya sensor mu gihe cy’impinduka zihuse, harimo igisubizo cya frequency n’igisubizo cya step.
Bitewe n'ibimenyetso byinshi bya tekiniki bya sensor, amakuru n'inyandiko bitandukanye bisobanurwa mu mpande zitandukanye, ku buryo abantu batandukanye bafite imyumvire itandukanye, ndetse no kutumvikana no kudasobanutse neza. Muri urwo rwego, ibi bikurikira ni ibipimo by'ingenzi bya tekiniki bya sensor:
1, umwanzuro n'umusozo:
Ibisobanuro: Impinduka ntoya cyane ipimwa na sensor ishobora kubona. Impinduka isobanura igipimo cy'impinduka ku gipimo cyuzuye.
Igisobanuro cya 1: Ubushobozi bw'igenzura ni cyo kimenyetso cy'ibanze cy'igenzura. Rigaragaza ubushobozi bw'igenzura bwo gutandukanya ibintu byapimwe. Ibindi bisobanuro bya tekiniki by'igenzura bisobanurwa mu buryo bw'igenzura nk'igice gito.
Ku bikoresho bifite ecran ya digitale, resolution igena umubare ntarengwa w'imibare igomba kwerekanwa. Urugero, resolution ya caliper ya digitale ya electronic ni 0.01mm, naho ikosa ry'ikimenyetso ni ± 0.02mm.
Insobanuro ya 2: Incamake ni umubare ntarengwa ufite ibipimo. Urugero, incamake y'icyuma gipima ubushyuhe ni 0.1℃, incamake y'icyuma gipima ubushyuhe ni 0.1g, n'ibindi.
Igisobanuro cya 3: Isesengura ni igitekerezo gifitanye isano kandi gisa cyane n'isesengura, byombi bigaragaza isesengura rya sensor ku gipimo.
Itandukaniro rikomeye ni uko igisubizo kigaragazwa nk'ijanisha ry'icyerekezo cya sensor. Ni ikintu kigereranijwe kandi nta gipimo gifite. Urugero, igisubizo cya sensor y'ubushyuhe ni 0.1℃, urwego rwose ni 500℃, igisubizo ni 0.1/500=0.02%.
2. Gusubiramo:
Ibisobanuro: Gusubiramo kwa sensor bivuga urwego rw'itandukaniro riri hagati y'ibipimo iyo igipimo gisubiwemo inshuro nyinshi mu cyerekezo kimwe munsi y'imimerere imwe.Byitwa kandi ikosa ryo gusubiramo, ikosa ryo kongera gukora, nibindi.
Igisobanuro cya 1: Gusubiramo kwa sensor bigomba kuba urwego rw'itandukaniro hagati y'ibipimo byinshi byabonetse mu bihe bimwe. Iyo imiterere y'ibipimo ihindutse, kugereranya ibisubizo byo gupima bizashira, ibyo bikaba bitashobora gukoreshwa nk'ishingiro ryo gusuzuma gusubiramo.
Igisobanuro cya 2: Gusubiramo kwa sensor bigaragaza gukwirakwira no kutumvikana kw'ibipimo bya sensor. Impamvu y'uko gukwirakwira no kutumvikana ni uko hari ibintu bitandukanye bitunguranye imbere no hanze ya sensor, bigatuma ibisubizo bya nyuma bya sensor bigaragaza imiterere y'ibintu bitunguranye.
Igisobanuro cya 3: Itandukaniro risanzwe ry'impinduka itunguranye rishobora gukoreshwa nk'imvugo y'ingano ishobora kongera guhindurwa.
Igisobanuro cya 4: Ku bipimo byinshi bisubirwamo, ubunyangamugayo bwo gupima bushobora kuboneka iyo impuzandengo y'ibipimo byose ifashwe nk'umusaruro wa nyuma wo gupima. Kubera ko itandukaniro risanzwe ry'ikigereranyo ari rito cyane ugereranyije n'itandukaniro risanzwe rya buri gipimo.
3. Imiterere y'umurongo:
Ibisobanuro: Umurongo (Linearity) bivuga ku kunyura mu murongo ugororotse w’imashini ikoresha sensor n’umuyoboro wayo uva ku murongo ugororotse ukwiye.
Igisobanuro cya 1: Isano nziza y’injira/ibisohoka bya sensor igomba kuba iri ku murongo, kandi umurongo wayo w’injira/ibisohoka ugomba kuba umurongo ugororotse (umurongo utukura mu ishusho iri hepfo).
Ariko, sensor nyayo ifite amakosa atandukanye, bigatuma umurongo nyayo w’injira n’isohoka atari umurongo ugororotse ukwiye, ahubwo ni umurongo (umurongo w’icyatsi kibisi uri ku ishusho iri hepfo).
Umurongo ni itandukaniro riri hagati y'umurongo nyawo uranga sensor n'umurongo utari umurongo, uzwi kandi nka nonlinearity cyangwa nonlinear error.
Insobanuro ya 2: Kubera ko itandukaniro riri hagati y'umurongo nyawo w'icyuma gipima n'umurongo ukwiye ritandukanye ku bunini butandukanye bw'ibipimo, igipimo cy'agaciro ntarengwa k'itandukaniro n'agaciro kuzuye gikunze gukoreshwa mu cyiciro cyuzuye. Birumvikana ko umurongo ugororotse nawo ari umubare ugereranye.
Igisobanuro cya 3: Kubera ko umurongo ukwiye wa sensor utazwi mu gihe rusange cyo gupima, ntushobora kuboneka. Kubera iyo mpamvu, uburyo bwo guhuza akenshi bukoreshwa, ni ukuvuga, hakoreshejwe ibisubizo by'ibipimo bya sensor mu kubara umurongo uhuye uri hafi y'umurongo ukwiye. Uburyo bwihariye bwo kubara burimo uburyo bwo kurangiza umurongo, uburyo bwiza bwo gufata umurongo, uburyo buto bwa kare n'ibindi.
4. Gutuza:
Ibisobanuro: Gutuza ni ubushobozi bwa sensor bwo kugumana imikorere yayo mu gihe runaka.
Igisobanuro cya 1: Guhagarara ni cyo gipimo cy'ingenzi cyo gusuzuma niba sensor ikora neza mu gihe runaka. Ibintu bituma sensor idahagarara neza cyane cyane birimo guhindagurika k'ubushyuhe no kurekura stress imbere mu mubiri. Kubwibyo, ni ingirakamaro kongera uburyo bwo kwishyura ubushyuhe no kuvura gusaza kugira ngo hongerwe uburyo bwo kuguma neza.
Igisobanuro cya 2: Gutuza bishobora kugabanywamo gutuza igihe gito n'ugutuza igihe kirekire bitewe n'igihe cy'igihe. Iyo igihe cyo kwitegereza ari gito cyane, gutuza no gusubirwamo biba byegeranye. Kubwibyo, igipimo cy'ugutuza gisuzuma ahanini ugutuza igihe kirekire. Igihe cyihariye, hakurikijwe ikoreshwa ry'ibidukikije n'ibisabwa kugira ngo bigerweho.
Isobanura rya 3: Ikosa ryuzuye n'ikosa rijyanye n'ikigereranyo byombi bishobora gukoreshwa mu kugaragaza ingano y'igipimo cy'ubudahangarwa. Urugero, sensor y'imbaraga zo mu bwoko bwa strain ifite ubudahangarwa bwa 0.02% / 12h.
5. Inshuro zo gufatira ingero:
Ibisobanuro: Igipimo cy'icyitegererezo kivuga ku mubare w'ibipimo bishobora gupimwa na sensor kuri buri gihe.
Igisobanuro cya 1: Inshuro zo gufata ingero ni cyo kimenyetso cy'ingenzi cyerekana imiterere y'ingirabuzimafatizo, kigaragaza ubushobozi bwo gusubiza vuba bwa sensor. Inshuro zo gufata ingero ni kimwe mu bimenyetso bya tekiniki bigomba gusuzumwa neza mu gihe habayeho impinduka zihuse mu gupima. Dukurikije itegeko rya Shannon ryo gufata ingero, inshuro zo gufata ingero za sensor ntizigomba kuba munsi y'inshuro ebyiri z'impinduka z'ingero zapimwe.
Igisobanuro cya 2: Hakoreshejwe imirongo itandukanye, ubuhanga bwa sensor nabwo buratandukana bitewe n'ibyo. Muri rusange, uko inshuro nyinshi zo gupima niko uburyo bwo gupima burushaho kuba buke.
Ubuhanga bwo hejuru bwa sensor bukunze kuboneka ku muvuduko muto cyane wo gupima cyangwa ndetse no mu bihe bidahinduka. Kubwibyo, ubuziranenge n'umuvuduko bigomba kwitabwaho mu guhitamo sensor.
Inama eshanu zo gushushanya ibyuma bipima
1. Tangira n'igikoresho cya bisi
Intambwe ya mbere, injeniyeri agomba gufata uburyo bwo kubanza guhuza sensor binyuze mu gikoresho cya bisi kugira ngo agabanye ibitazwi. Igikoresho cya bisi gihuza mudasobwa bwite (PC) hanyuma kigahuza na I2C, SPI, cyangwa indi porotoli yemerera sensor "kuvuga". Porogaramu ya mudasobwa ijyanye n'igikoresho cya bisi itanga isoko izwi kandi ikora yo kohereza no kwakira amakuru atari umushoferi wa microcontroller utazwi kandi utemewe (MCU). Mu rwego rwa Bus, umuhanga mu by'ikoranabuhanga ashobora kohereza no kwakira ubutumwa kugira ngo asobanukirwe uko igice gikora mbere yo kugerageza gukora ku rwego rwa embedded.
2. Andika kode y'aho kohereza ubutumwa (transmission interface) muri Python
Iyo umuhanga mu bya porogaramu amaze kugerageza gukoresha sensors z'igikoresho cya bisi, intambwe ikurikiraho ni ukwandika code ya porogaramu kuri sensors. Aho kwihutira gukoresha code ya microcontroller, andika code ya porogaramu muri Python. Amasosiyete menshi ya bisi ashyiraho porogaramu zikoresha plug-ins na code y'icyitegererezo mu gihe yandika inyandiko, Python ikunze gukurikiza.NET imwe mu ndimi ziboneka muri.net. Kwandika porogaramu muri Python ni byihuse kandi byoroshye, kandi bitanga uburyo bwo kugerageza sensors muri porogaramu zitagoye nko gupima ahantu hashyizwe. Kugira code yo ku rwego rwo hejuru bizorohereza injeniyeri zitashyizwemo gucukura inyandiko za sensors n'ibizamini batitaye ku injeniyeri ya porogaramu ishyizwemo.
3. Gerageza sensor ukoresheje Micro Python
Imwe mu nyungu zo kwandika kode ya mbere ya porogaramu muri Python ni uko guhamagara porogaramu kuri porogaramu ya Bus-utility (API) bishobora gusimbuzwa byoroshye uhamagaye Micro Python. Micro Python ikoresha porogaramu ikora mu buryo bwihuse, ifite sensors nyinshi kugira ngo ihangane basobanukirwe agaciro kayo. Micro Python ikoresha poroseseri ya Cortex-M4, kandi ni ahantu heza ho gukosora kode ya porogaramu. Ntabwo byoroshye gusa, nta mpamvu yo kwandika abakoresha I2C cyangwa SPI hano, kuko byamaze kugaragara muri isomero ry'imikorere rya Micro Python.
4. Koresha kode y'umutanga sensor
Kode iyo ari yo yose ishobora "gukurwaho" n'uruganda rukora sensor, injeniyeri zigomba gukora byinshi kugira ngo zisobanukirwe uburyo sensor ikora. Ikibabaje ni uko abacuruza sensor benshi atari inzobere mu gushushanya porogaramu zishyirwa mu byiciro, bityo ntugategereze kubona urugero rwiza rw'imiterere n'ubwiza. Koresha kode y'ugurisha, wige uko iki gice gikora, maze ikibazo cyo kuvugurura ibintu kizavuka kugeza igihe gishobora gushyirwa muri porogaramu zishyizwe mu byiciro. Ishobora gutangira ari "spaghetti", ariko gukoresha ubumenyi bw'abakora uburyo sensor zabo zikora bizafasha kugabanya impera nyinshi z'icyumweru zangiritse mbere yuko ibicuruzwa bitangira gusohoka.
5. Koresha isomero ry'imikorere yo guhuza sensor
Birashoboka ko uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru bwa sensor atari bushya kandi ntibwari bwarakozwe mbere. Amasomero azwi y’imikorere yose, nka "Sensor Fusion function Library" atangwa n’inganda nyinshi za chip, afasha abakora porogaramu kwiga vuba, cyangwa kurushaho, no kwirinda uruhererekane rwo kuvugurura cyangwa guhindura cyane imiterere y’ibicuruzwa. Amaseneri menshi ashobora guhuzwa mu bwoko rusange cyangwa ibyiciro, kandi ubwo bwoko cyangwa ibyiciro bizatuma habaho iterambere ryiza ry’abashoferi, iyo bafashwe neza, baba hafi ya bose cyangwa badashoboye kongera gukoreshwa. Shaka aya masomero y’imikorere ya sensor fusion hanyuma wige imbaraga n’intege nke zayo.
Iyo sensor zishyizwe muri sisitemu zishyizwemo, hari uburyo bwinshi bwo gufasha kunoza igihe cyo gushushanya no koroshya ikoreshwa. Abategura porogaramu ntibashobora "gukora nabi" mu kwiga uburyo sensor zikora ku rwego rwo hejuru rwo gufata amashusho mu ntangiriro y'igishushanyo mbere yo kuzishyira muri sisitemu yo ku rwego rwo hasi. Inyinshi mu mfashanyigisho zihari muri iki gihe zizafasha abategura porogaramu "gukora ibishoboka byose" badatangiye.
