Igikoresho cyo gusimbuza (switchgear) ni iki?
Igikoresho cyo gusimbuza kigizwe n'igikoresho kimwe cyangwa byinshi byo gusimbuza gifite voltage nkeya hamwe n'ibikoresho bifitanye isano, gupima, ikimenyetso, kurinda, kugenzura n'ibindi bikoresho, aho uwagikoze ashinzwe guhuza amashanyarazi n'ibikoresho byose by'imbere, ihuriro ryuzuye ry'ibice by'imiterere hamwe. Inshingano nyamukuru y'akabati k'imashini ni ugufungura no gufunga, kugenzura no kurinda ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi mu gihe cyo gutanga amashanyarazi, kohereza, gukwirakwiza no guhindura ingufu z'amashanyarazi. Ibice biri mu kabati k'imashini ahanini birimo circuit breaker, gukata imashini, gusimbuza imizigo, uburyo bwo gukora, inductor ihuza n'ibikoresho bitandukanye byo kurinda.
Isesengura ry'amakosa n'ingamba zo guhangana n'imashini zikoresha ikoranabuhanga
Ibikoresho bya switchgear bya 12 ~ 40.5kV ni byo bikoresho byinshi bya substation muri sisitemu y'amashanyarazi. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, impanuka za switchgear zakunze kubaho, bigatera igihombo mu bukungu, impfu n'izindi ngaruka mbi mu mibereho y'abaturage.
Akaga gahishe k’impanuka n’inenge zisanzwe zibanda cyane cyane ku buryo bwo gufunga insinga, ubushobozi bwo kurekura arc imbere, ubushyuhe bw’imbere, ubushyuhe n’ubudafunga neza, nibindi. Binyuze mu gushyiraho ingamba zo kurwanya impanuka zigamije, umubare w’impanuka za switchgear na ring network cabinet ugabanuka cyane, kandi imikorere y’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi irushaho kwiyongera.
1. Ikibazo cyihishe mu buryo bwo gufunga insinga
1.1. Ubwoko bw'akaga gahishe
1.1.1 Igifunga kiri mu kabati ka televiziyo gifitanye isano itaziguye na bisi
Dukurikije ibisabwa bisanzwe mu miterere, icyuma gifata ubwato bwa televiziyo kigomba kwemezwa na bisi ihuza intoki, aho icyuma gifata umupira wa televiziyo giherereye, uburyo bwo guhuza n'ibindi bitandukanye, icyuma gifata ubwato bwa televiziyo gikoresheje icyuma gifata umupira cyahujwe na bisi, iyo icyuma gifata umupira cyahujwe na bisi, iyo icyuma gifata umupira cyahujwe n'imodoka, icyuma gifata amashanyarazi gikomeje kubyazwa umuriro, abakozi bo mu bubiko bahura n'ingaruka z'amashanyarazi. Igikoresho gifata icyuma kiri mu kabati ka televiziyo ahanini gifite imiterere ikurikira y'insinga, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2:
Uburyo bwo guhuza switchgear burahishe
1, uburyo bwa mbere bwo gufunga insinga: Igikoresho cyo gufata inkuba cya televiziyo na televiziyo bishyirwa mu bubiko bw'inyuma, fize ishyirwa ku modoka, igikoresho cyo gufata inkuba gihujwe na bisi, televiziyo inyuze mu ntoki zo kwitandukanya na bisi ihujwe;
2, uburyo bwa kabiri bwo gufunga insinga: Igikoresho cyo gufata inkuba cya televiziyo gishyizwe mu cyumba cya bisi, gihujwe neza na bisi, televiziyo na fibre bishyizwe ku modoka;
3, uburyo bwa gatatu bwo gufunga insinga: Igikoresho cyo gufata inkuba cya televiziyo gishyirwa ukwacyo mu bubiko bw'inyuma cyangwa mu bubiko bw'imbere, gihujwe neza na bisi, televiziyo na fuse bishyizwe ku modoka.
4, uburyo bwa kane bwo gufunga insinga: Televiziyo na fuse byashyizwe mu gice cy'akabati gahoraho cya XGN, igifunga gishyizwe ukwacyo mu kindi gice, gihujwe neza na bisi;
5, uburyo bwa gatanu bwo gufunga insinga: icyuma gifata inkuba, televiziyo na fuse bishyirwa mu bubiko bw'inyuma, icyuma gifata inkuba gihujwe na bisi, televiziyo ihujwe na bisi inyuze mu modoka ikoresha intoki;
6, uburyo bwa gatandatu bwo gufunga insinga: icyuma gifata inkuba, fuse na televiziyo bishyirwa mu modoka imwe, icyuma gifata inkuba gihuzwa na fuse nyuma y'urubyiniro.
Iyi gahunda ni iy'insinga zitari zo, iyo firize imaze gucika, ibikoresho bizatakaza uburinzi bw'icyuma gifata.
1.1.2 Akabati ko hasi k'akabati k'inyuma ntabwo kari ukwako burundu
Udubati two hasi n'utw'inyuma twa bimwe mu duti twa KYN series switch, nka utubati duto twa transformer in-line switch, utubati tw'abagore duhuza, n'utundi duti twa feeder switch, ntabwo twashyizwe ukwatwo. Iyo abakozi binjiye mu duti two hasi, bashobora gukora ku bw'impanuka kuri bisi cyangwa igice cy'umutwe w'insinga, bigatuma habaho impanuka y'amashanyarazi.
Akaga gahishe ntikagaragara hagati y'akabati ko hasi n'akabati k'inyuma k'akabati k'imashini, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3:
Ishusho ya 3 Nta kaga gahishe kari hagati y'akabati ko hasi n'akabati k'inyuma k'akabati k'imashini
1.2, ingamba zo kurwanya
Akabati k'imashini gafite uburyo bwo gufunga insinga gakwiye kuvugururwa rimwe.
Ishusho y'icyitegererezo cy'impinduka mu buryo bw'insinga z'akabati k'imashini igaragara ku Ishusho ya 5:
ISHUSHO YA 5 Ishusho y'icyitegererezo cy'impinduka mu buryo bw'insinga za switchgear
1.2.1 Gahunda yo kuvugurura tekiniki mu buryo bwo gufata insinga z'amashanyarazi mu kabati ka televiziyo
1, ku buryo bwo gufata insinga, kuramo agakoresho gafata inkuba mu cyumba, Uburyo bwo gufata insinga za televiziyo ntibuhinduka, icyumba cya mbere cya bisi gica mu mwenge wo ku rukuta kirafunze, agakoresho gafata inkuba gahinduka imodoka ifata insinga ku modoka, kandi agakoresho gafata inkuba kari mu mwanya umwe na fuse na televiziyo.
2. Ku buryo bwa kabiri bwo gukoresha insinga, kuraho agakoresho gafata inkuba mu gice cya bisi, wimure agakoresho gafata inkuba ku modoka igendanwa hanyuma ushyiremo agakoresho gafata inkuba n'agakoresho gafata inkuba, ongeramo icyapa cyo gushyiramo agasanduku ko hasi gafata insinga, agace gafata insinga n'uburyo bwo gushyiramo valve, shyiramo televiziyo mu gisanduku cy'inyuma, hanyuma uyihuze n'agakoresho ko hasi gafata insinga unyuze mu cyuma gifata insinga.
Iyi gahunda ishobora gushyirwa mu bikorwa ku modoka yakoreshejwe ya mbere, ariko kandi ishobora no gusimbuza imodoka nshya yakoreshejwe.
3. Ku buryo bwo gukoresha insinga bwa gatatu, kuraho agakoresho gafata inkuba k'igice cy'ibanze, kwimura agakoresho gafata inkuba ku modoka igendanwa hanyuma ushyiremo agakoresho gafata inkuba n'agakoresho gafata inkuba, funga umwobo w'urukuta rw'icyumba cya mbere cya bisi, ongeramo icyapa cyo gushyiramo agasanduku ko hasi k'imodoka, agace gafata insinga n'uburyo bwo kuyishyiramo, shyiramo televiziyo mu gice cy'inyuma hanyuma uyihuze n'agakoresho ko hasi unyuze ku nsinga y'icyuma.
Iyi gahunda ishobora gushyirwa mu bikorwa ku modoka yakoreshejwe ya mbere, ariko kandi ishobora no gusimbuza imodoka nshya yakoreshejwe.
4. Ku bijyanye n'uburyo bwa kane bwo gufunga insinga, kuramo agakoresho ko gufata insinga mu bindi bice, wimure agakoresho ko gufata insinga kuri fuse na televiziyo, uyihuze n'aho gukata insinga, hanyuma uyihuze icyarimwe na fuse na televiziyo.
5, ku buryo bwo gufata insinga bwa gatanu, icyuma gifata inkuba, aho televiziyo ishyirwa nta gihindutse, icyuma gifata inkuba cya mbere gihujwe neza n'aho imodoka ihurira n'intoki, icyumba cya bisi cya mbere ginyuze mu mwobo wo ku rukuta.
6. Ku buryo bwo guhuza 6, uburyo bwo gushyiraho imiterere y'ibikoresho ni ubwo guhuza nabi. Iyo firizi imaze guhuzwa, ibikoresho bizatakaza uburinzi bw'icyuma gifata.
Kuraho agakoresho gafata inkuba hanyuma ushyiremo icyuma gifata inkuba mu modoka yakoreshejwe, hindura aho insinga zari ziherereye, kora icyuma gifata inkuba gihujwe n'icyuma gifata inkuba, kandi gihuzwe na icyuma gifata inkuba na televiziyo.
1.2.2 Amabwiriza yo kwirinda kutagira aho guhurira hagati y'akabati ko hasi n'akabati k'inyuma k'akabati ko gusimbuza
Kubera ko imiterere y'ibicuruzwa by'akabati k'imashini ihinduka, iyo icyuma gitandukanya ibikoresho gishyizwe mu ihinduka, imiterere y'imbere n'uburyo bikwirakwira mu mwanya bizahinduka, kandi imikorere y'uburinzi bw'imbere bw'ibicuruzwa ntishobora kwemezwa. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa kwemeza ko transformer nyamukuru ya 10kV ikomeza kubungabungwa no kubungabunga transformer nyamukuru mbere yuko akazi gatangira.
2. Ubushobozi buke bwo kurekura imbere mu gice cy'imbere cy'umugozi
2.1 Ubwoko bw'akaga gahishe
Mu mikorere nyayo, akabati k'icyuma gafunganye gafite inenge, hamwe n'imiterere mibi y'imikorere iterwa no kwangirika k'imikorere y'ubushyuhe cyangwa kudakora neza n'izindi mpamvu, bizatuma habaho ikibazo cy'imbere mu gice cy'imbere cy'ubushyuhe.
Umugozi ukorwa na short circuit ufite ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ingufu nyinshi. Umugozi ubwawo ni gaze yoroheje cyane ya plasma. Mu gihe cy'ingufu z'amashanyarazi na gaze ishyushye, umugozi uzagenda ku muvuduko mwinshi mu kabati bigatuma habaho kwaguka vuba k'urwego rw'amakosa.
Muri iki gihe, gushyushya gazi, gushonga kw'ibyuma, ubushyuhe bw'imbere mu kabati k'ibikoresho byo gushyushya no kwiyongera k'umuvuduko, iyo bitakozwe cyangwa ngo bishyirweho umuyoboro wemewe wo kurekura umuvuduko, umuvuduko mwinshi uzatuma kabati ryishyira mu isahani y'undi, imbaho z'umuryango, imigozi, kwangirika gukomeye kw'amadirishya no kuvunika, umurambararo uterwa n'akabati k'umwuka gashyushye cyane wishyira mu mwanya w'undi, bigatuma abakozi bashinzwe gusana ibikoresho hafi y'aho bikorera bashya cyane,
Ndetse binashyira ubuzima mu kaga.
Muri iki gihe, hari ibibazo bimwe na bimwe nko kuba nta muyoboro worohereza umuvuduko ushyizweho, umuyoboro worohereza umuvuduko udafite ishingiro ushyizweho, ubushobozi bwo kurekura umuvuduko imbere ntibugeragezwa kandi ntibwemezwe, kandi isuzuma ntiriba rikomeye mu gihe cy'igeragezwa.
2.2, ingamba zo kurwanya
[Guhitamo] Imikorere y'icyuma gipima imbere mu kabati k'imashini igomba kuba urwego rwa IAC, igihe cyemewe n'icyuma gipima imbere ntikigomba kuba munsi ya 0.5s, umuyoboro w'igerageza uhabwa amanota yo kwihanganira umuyoboro mu gihe gito.
Ku bicuruzwa bifite umuvuduko muto urenga 31.5kA, ikizamini cy'imbere cy'ikosa gishobora gukorwa hakurikijwe 31.5kA.
[Impinduka] Ongeramo cyangwa uhindure umuyoboro wo kugabanya umuvuduko, kandi ukore ikizamini cy’imbere cy’umugozi no kugenzura hakurikijwe ibisabwa ku bwoko bw’ikizamini.
[Uburinzi] Gukanda neza itandukaniro ry’urwego rw’ingenzi rw’uburinzi bwa transformer, bigabanya igihe gihoraho cyo gucika intege kw’umugozi w’ikosa.
3, ikibazo cyo gukingira imbere mu mubiri
3.1 Ubwoko bw'akaga gahishe
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ingano y'ibikoresho byo mu kabati k'ibikoresho byo gusimbuza yaragabanutse, imikorere y'ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho byo mu kabati yariyongereye, n'amakosa yariyongereye.
Imikorere y'ingenzi muri: intera yo kuzamuka no kureka umwuka ujya mu kirere ntibihagije, cyane cyane akabati k'intoki, ubu abakora ibikoresho benshi kugira ngo bagabanye ingano y'akabati, bagabanya cyane icyuma gihagarika amashanyarazi cyashyizwe mu kabati, icyuma gifunga amashanyarazi n'intera iri hagati y'ubutaka, ariko ntibafashe ingamba zifatika zo kwemeza imbaraga zo gukingira;
Uburyo bubi bwo guteranya, bitewe n'ubwiza bubi bwo guteranya, igice kimwe kiri mu kabati k'imashini gishobora gutsinda ikizamini cy'umuvuduko, ariko akabati kose k'imashini ntigashobora gutsinda nyuma yo guteranya;
Ubushobozi bwo gukoranaho burahagije cyangwa buragoye gukoranaho, iyo ubushobozi bwo gukoranaho budahagije cyangwa buragoye gukoranaho, ubushyuhe bwo mu gace utuyemo bwiyongera, imikorere yo gukingira imyuka igabanuka, bigatuma ubutaka bugwa cyangwa bucikagurika;
Uburyo bwo gushyushya, icyuma gishyushya cyometseho cyoroshye kwangiza, ntigishobora gukora neza, mu buryo busanzwe uburyo bwo gushyushya mu kabati gakoresha insinga, bigabanya imikorere y'ubushyuhe;
Imikorere mibi yo gukingira ibikoresho bifasha mu byuma.
Kugira ngo bagabanye ikiguzi, bamwe mu bakora ibikoresho bifasha mu gushyushya ibikoresho, bagabanya imikorere y’ubushyuhe muri rusange mu kabati k’ibikoresho bihindura amashanyarazi.
3.2, ingamba zo kurwanya
Ntitugomba gukurikirana mu buryo buhumyi uburyo bwo gukata switchgear. Tugomba kugura switchgear ikwiye hakurikijwe uko umushinga umeze, imiterere ya substation, imikorere n'isukura, ivugurura ry'ibikoresho n'ibindi bintu.
Ku bikoresho bikoresha umwuka cyangwa ibikoresho bikingira umwuka nk'uburyo bwo gukingira, ubunini, imbaraga z'imiterere y'ibikoresho bikingira umwuka n'ubushaje bw'ibikoresho bikingira bigomba kwitabwaho, kandi uwabikoze agomba gukora isuzuma ry'ubushyuhe hakurikijwe ibisabwa bisanzwe;
Ku bice nk'agasanduku k'urukuta mu kabati k'imashini n'akabati k'impeta, valve y'imashini, n'impeta y'akabati ka bisi, niba intera y'ubushyuhe bw'umwuka iri munsi ya mm 125 (12kV) na mm 300 (40.5kV), kondakita igomba kuba ifite agasanduku k'ubushyuhe.
Ingamba nko gusya no gusiga irangi zigomba gufatwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko amashanyarazi yangirika mu bice aho imbaraga z’ubutaka ziba nyinshi, nko gufunga inzira n’aho bisi isohoka, valve y’imashini n’imfuruka ya bisi.
Akabati kari mu kabati gafasha ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe bidafite aho bihurira n’imiterere y’ubushyuhe, nk'amacupa ya porcelain. Shyiraho irangi rya RTV rikingira ubushyuhe kugira ngo binoze imiterere y’imikorere y’ibikoresho bishaje.
4. Ubusembwa bw'umuriro
4.1 Ubwoko bw'akaga gahishe
Aho umurongo uhurira ni habi, ubushobozi bwo guhangana buriyongera, ikibazo cy'ubushyuhe kiragaragara, nko kuba ahantu hadakora neza ho kwitandukanya n'aho uhurira;
Imiterere y'imiyoboro y'amazi irimo ibyuma ntabwo ikwiye, umwuka ntushobora gukwirakwira mu kirere, ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe buragabanuka, ibibazo byo gushyushya mu kabati ni byinshi;
Igisenge cy'urukuta, transformer y'amashanyarazi n'izindi nyubako zo gushyiraho bikora umuyoboro ufunze w'amashanyarazi, bigatuma habaho umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ushyuha, bigatuma habaho gushyuha kw'ibikoresho bishyuha cyane;
Ibikoresho byumye by'akabati k'ibikoresho by'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ufunze igice (transformer y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, transformer y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, transformer y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi) umurambararo w'insinga zizunguruka zatoranijwe ntuhagije, kugenzura inzira yo gucukura ntabwo ari ibintu bikomeye, byoroshye kwangiza cyane.
4.2, ingamba zo kurwanya
Shyira imbaraga mu gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe mu kabati k'imashini ikoresha amashanyarazi, kandi ushyiremo icyuma gitanga umwuka n'icyuma gishyushya;
Hamwe n'ibura ry'amashanyarazi, umuvuduko w'ingufu zihindagurika n'izidahinduka ugomba kugenzurwa hanyuma ugasimbuzwa bibaye ngombwa. Muri icyo gihe, impera y'ingufu zigabanya umuvuduko igomba gusimbuzwa.
Kongera ubushakashatsi ku ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima ubushyuhe mu kabati, kandi ukoreshe ikoranabuhanga rishya nko gupima ubushyuhe nta mugozi kugira ngo ukemure ikibazo kigoye cyo gupima ubushyuhe.
5, gukumira gufunga amakosa ntabwo ari byiza
5.1 Ibyago bishobora kubaho
Udusanduku twinshi tw’ibikoresho byo gufunga dufite igikoresho cyo gukumira amakosa, ariko uburyo bwo gufunga amakosa buhagije kandi butegetswe ntibuhuye n’ibisabwa.
Igice cy'akabati k'icyuma gafite ibyuma biri ku muryango w'inyuma gishobora gufungurwa, nta gufunga bidakora, nta gufunga kabiri, hafunguka nyuma yuko ibice bizima bikozweho, kandi vis ni vis zisanzwe zifite mpandeshatu, byoroshye gufungura urugi mu mpanuka y'amashanyarazi;
Igice cya transformateur nyamukuru, igitsina gore, televiziyo, transformateur n'indi switch idafite switch yo gusimbuza, nyuma y'uko urugi rw'akabati n'urufunguzo rwo gusimbuza bidakoze ingufuri, bishobora gukuraho screw ifunguye neza nyuma y'urugi, ntibifunze mu gihe urugi rufunze, bishobora no gufunga umuriro, byoroshye gutuma abakozi bashinzwe kubungabunga bafungura nabi, binjira mu gihe cy'amashanyarazi, impanuka y'impanuka y'abakozi;
Igice cyo hejuru n'icyo hasi cy'umuryango w'inyuma w'utubati tumwe na tumwe two guhinduranya ibikoresho ntibishobora gufungwa ukwabyo, kandi umuryango wo hejuru ufungwa n'umuryango wo hasi.
Iyo aho gufunga icyuma gifunga, ifunga ry'urugi rw'akabati ko hasi rirakurwaho, kandi urugi rw'akabati ko inyuma narwo rushobora gufungurwa, byoroshye guteza impanuka y'amashanyarazi.
Nk'ibikoresho byo gusimbuza bya KYN28;
Nyuma yuko imodoka zimwe na zimwe zo mu bwoko bwa switchgear zikururwa, icyuma cyo kwimura umwuka gishobora gusunikwa byoroshye. Hatabayeho gukumira gufunga ku bw'impanuka, umubiri urimo umuriro ugaragara, kandi abakozi bashobora gufungura icyuma gifunga icyuma gifata amashanyarazi ku buryo butari bwo, bigatuma habaho impanuka.
5.2, ingamba zo kurwanya
Ku bijyanye n'imikorere yo kurwanya amakosa mu kabati k'imashini, imikorere yo kurwanya amakosa ntabwo itunganye, inyuma y'urugi rw'akabati irashobora gukingurwa, kandi igakingurwa ishobora gukora ku bice by'imashini bizima mu kabati k'imashini gafite ingufu nyinshi, ishyiraho ingufuri ya mechanical padlock, ishyiraho porogaramu yo kurwanya amakosa mu kabati k'imashini;
Shyiramo uburyo bwo gufunga hagati y’imashini yo hasi n’umuryango w’akabati k’inyuma ku kabati k’imashini nka GG1A na XGN, hanyuma ushyiremo igikoresho cyo kwerekana imbonankubone kugira ngo ufunge uburyo imashini yo hasi ikora.
Reba neza niba igikoresho gikingira amakosa gihamye, kandi urebe neza igikoresho gifunga icyuma kiri hagati y'ikinyabiziga n'icyuma gifunga icyuma gifunga icyuma, aho gifunga icyuma n'icyuma gifunga ...
6, isoza
Ibikoresho byo mu kabati k’amashanyarazi ni ibikoresho by’ingenzi bya sitasiyo y’amashanyarazi mu muyoboro w’amashanyarazi. Kugira ngo imikorere yabyo ikomeze, igenzura rigomba kongerwamo imbaraga mu buryo bwose nko mu gishushanyo, ibikoresho, inzira, igeragezwa, guhitamo ubwoko bw’amashanyarazi, imikorere n’isukura.
Dukurikije neza ibisabwa bisanzwe mu gushushanya, hamwe n'amahame y'igihugu n'ay'inganda, dushyira imbere ibisabwa mu gushushanya, dukuraho by'umwihariko ingaruka mbi zihishe ku nsinga;
Dukurikije amahame y’igihugu n’ay’inganda, ndetse n’ingamba zo kurwanya impanuka, dushyiraho ibisabwa bikomeye ku nyandiko z’ipiganwa ry’ibikoresho, kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibicuruzwa bidafite ishingiro byinjira mu mikorere y’umuyoboro w’itumanaho;
Kongera imbaraga mu kugenzura ibikorwa by'inganda, kureba neza ingingo z'ingenzi z'umusaruro n'igeragezwa ry'uruganda, no kubuza byimazeyo ibicuruzwa bidafite ishingiro kuva mu ruganda;
Gukora ku buryo bugaragara gucunga neza ibibazo biri mu kabati k'ibikoresho byo mu gikoni, kongera imbaraga mu gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo kurwanya impanuka;
Kunoza imikorere yo kurwanya amakosa mu kabati k'amadirishya, kongera imicungire y'igikoresho cyo gufunga amakosa, gushyiraho igikoresho cyo kwerekana amashusho mu buryo bwa Live, no gukorana na sisitemu ya "eshanu yo gukumira", kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwo gufunga amakosa mu buryo bwuzuye kandi butegetswe.
