1) 110 ~ 220kV plug cable terminal
Mu ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho bya GIS bivanze, transformateur cyangwa GIS rimwe na rimwe ikurwa muri transformateur cyangwa GIS hakoreshejwe insinga ifite ingufu nyinshi aho gukoresha insinga gakondo. Hari ubwoko bwinshi bw'ibikoresho bifite ingufu nyinshi, guhitamo GIS ikwiye, gushyiraho transformateur n'insinga, igerageza n'imikorere n'ibungabungwa ry'ejo hazaza ni ingenzi cyane.
1.1 Ubwoko bwa terminal y'igikoresho
Umuyoboro w'insinga ku bikoresho bifite ingufu nyinshi ukoreshwa mu gushyiraho uburyo bwo guhuza insinga no guhuza amashanyarazi n'umubiri w'ibikoresho bya transformer cyangwa GIS. Agakoresho ka epoxy kari ku gice cy'insinga karinda amavuta yo kwihisha cyangwa gazi ya SF6 kwinjira mu gice cy'insinga. Kugira ngo hakemurwe ikibazo cy'amashanyarazi cyo kwihisha cy'insinga mu gice cy'insinga cya epoxy resin, igisubizo gakondo ni ukuzuza igice cy'insinga n'amavuta cyangwa gazi ya SF6. Igice cy'insinga gifite ingufu nyinshi cyitwa ubwoko bw'amavuta (cyangwa ubwoko bushobora gushyuha), buzwi kandi nka wet type. Uburyo bwo kuyishyuza ntibukoreshwa cyane, muri rusange bukubiyemo amavuta.
Umuyoboro w'ibikoresho byuzuye amavuta ugomba kurangiza guhuza no gushyiraho amashanyarazi n'ibikoresho hamwe n'ububiko bw'insinga buri aho bukorera. Mu gihe cyo kugerageza no gushyiraho ibikoresho, abakozi b'uruganda rukora ibikoresho bifite umuvuduko mwinshi bagomba gufatanya kurangiza gusharija no kurekura umwuka (amavuta) n'indi mirimo y'ububiko bw'insinga, kandi inzira yo gukora iragoye cyane. Amwe mu mapine yuzuza amavuta afatanye n'icyuma gihumeka (gifite imikorere nk'iy'umusego w'amavuta uhindura imiterere); Amwe kandi agomba gukoresha uburyo bwo gusohora amavuta kugira ngo akoreshwe mu gusuka amavuta ya epoxy resin, ntabwo ari byiza cyane. Ishusho iri hepfo igaragaza umuyoboro w'insinga wa 110kV wuzuye amavuta ugomba guteranywa ku gikoresho cya GIS.
Ubundi bwoko bw'icyuma gikingira umuriro gifite ingufu nyinshi binyuze mu kunoza imiterere y'imiterere, cyabonye ko icyuma gikingira umuriro n'umutwe w'icyuma gikingira umuriro gifite epoxy resin yo mu gice cy'imbere cy'icyuma nta ruhushya ruhari kandi gikwirakwizwa neza nk'umurongo w'amashanyarazi, nta ruhushya rujya mu gikoni na epoxy resin kuzuza amavuta (gas) bikemura ikibazo cy'aho amashanyarazi akingira, ubwo bwoko bw'icyuma gikingira umuriro bwitwa ibikoresho by'icyuma byumye.
Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi wumye nta mavuta urimo kandi ufunze neza, bityo aho umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi uherereye ntihagabanijwe, kandi isano iri hagati y'umuyoboro n'igikoresho cya GIS cyangwa transformateur ishobora gukorwa mu buryo bworoshye mu byerekezo bitandukanye bitewe n'ibyo aho hantu hakenewe.
Ishusho ikurikira igaragaza umugozi wumye wakusanyijwe uturutse mu gice cyo hasi cy'aho insinga zinjira uherereye ku ruhande rwa transformateur.
Dukurikije imiterere y’insinga z’amashanyarazi yumye, zishobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu.
Ubwoko bwa mbere ni ubwoko busanzwe, ni ukuvuga agasanduku ka epoxy resin na cable, gushyiraho no gupima stress cone.
Uburyo bwo gushyiramo ibikoresho mu murima bungana cyane n'uburyo bishyirwamo amazi, uretse ko aho bifungiye hataba huzuyemo amavuta (gaze).
Mu mirimo yo gupima no gushyiraho ibikoresho byo mu murima, iracyakeneye abakozi b'uruganda rukora ibikoresho bifite ingufu nyinshi kugira ngo bafatanye n'urwo ruganda kugira ngo barangize imirimo yo gusharija no gusohora amavuta mu bubiko bw'insinga, kandi inzira yo gukora n'imikorere y'iyinjizwa muri rusange iragoye cyane.
Ubwoko bwa kabiri ni ubwoko bwa plug-in, aho agakoresho ka epoxy resin k'icyuma gishobora gushyirwa ukwacyo n'insinga n'agakoresho k'umuvuduko, ariko ntigashobora kugeragezwa ukwacyo.
Igikoresho cyo gufunga impera gishyirwa ku nkoni iyobora amashanyarazi ifatanye n'umutima w'insinga. Iyo impera y'insinga ishyizwe mu gikoresho cya epoxy kiri aho, igikoresho cyo gufunga impera kihita kivamo kigafunga impera y'insinga mu gikoresho cya epoxy kugira ngo kidacika.
Iyo imaze gushyirwamo, impera y'insinga y'ubu bwoko bw'insinga ntishobora kongera gukururwa.
Uburyo bwo gushyiramo insinga zikoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza insinga ni bumwe n’ubwo mu cyiciro cya mbere. Urugero, ku bikoresho bya GIS bivanze, agakoresho ka epoxy resin gashobora gushyirwa ku gakoresho k’amashanyarazi ka CABLE ka GIS mbere y’uko gashyirwa mu ruganda. Agakoresho ka epoxy resin gashobora gukura burundu gaze ya SF6 iri mu gakoresho k’amashanyarazi inyuma, bigabanye akazi k’uruganda rukora mu gukorana.
Ariko, iyo habayeho ibibazo mu igeragezwa ry'insinga kandi bikaba ngombwa ko bivurwa, biba ngombwa gushyira amashanyarazi no gusohora gazi iri mu nsinga mu gisanduku cy'insinga.
Byongeye kandi, iyo imiyoboro y'insinga ikoreshwa muri transfoma, kuyishyiraho no kuyigerageza ni kimwe n'imiyoboro isanzwe y'insinga yo mu cyiciro cya mbere.
Ishusho ikurikira igaragaza umuyoboro w'insinga ushyirwa mu gikoresho cya GIS.
Ubwoko bwa gatatu ni umuyoboro wa plug and pull, aho ucaniriza, umuyoboro, n'umuyoboro wa stress bishobora gushyirwa ukwabyo, ndetse bishobora no kugeragezwa ukwabyo;
Umutwe w'insinga ushobora gushyirwamo cyangwa gukururwa.
Imiterere yayo ni yo yoroshye cyane, kandi yoroshye kuyishyiraho.
Imiyoboro y'insinga ishobora gucomeka nayo igabanyijemo ubwoko bubiri bushobora kongera gukoreshwa n'ubudashobora kongera gukoreshwa.
Umuyoboro w'insinga ushobora kongera guteranywa hakoreshejwe gukuraho ibice bya plagi y'insinga witwa umuyoboro w'insinga ushobora kongera gukoreshwa; bitabaye ibyo, ni umuyoboro w'insinga udashobora kongera gukoreshwa.
Gushyiramo umuyoboro wa "plug-in" bifite ibi bikurikira:
(1) Agasanduku k'imashini ya epoxy gashobora gushyirwaho no guhuzwa na GIS cyangwa transformer mbere y'igihe, kandi gashobora kugeragezwa hakoreshejwe GIS cyangwa transformer icyarimwe;
(2) rangiza guteranya igice cy'umutwe w'insinga aho giherereye;
(3) insinga ishobora kugeragezwa ukwayo hakoreshejwe agakoresho ko gupima, hatabayeho ubufatanye bw'abakora ibikoresho;
(4) Umaze gutsinda ikizamini, shyiramo insinga mu gasanduku ka epoxy resin, hanyuma urangize kuyishyiraho nyuma yo gushyiraho insinga yo hasi.
Ishusho ikurikira igaragaza igishushanyo mbonera cy'aho terminal isanzwe ishobora gucomekwa.
Umuyoboro wa "plug-in" hamwe n'agasanduku ka GIS bishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora "T-type" connector y'umuyoboro.
Ishusho ya 5 igaragaza umugozi "T" ushyizwe mu mwobo, ushobora gutuma umwe ujyamo n'undi usohoka mu mugozi.
Ishobora gukora imirimo ikurikira mu buryo bworoshye: (1) Iyo umurongo usohoka ugomba kongerwamo mu guhindura sitasiyo ishaje, umurongo wa "T" ushobora kwirinda kongera igihe cya GIS;
(2) Mu gice cyo hagati cy'umurongo w'insinga, ikoreshwa ry'insinga zo mu bwoko bwa "T" rishobora gutanga umuriro ku bakoresha bashya byoroshye;
③ Iyo hari umurongo w'amashanyarazi uremereye ariko ukaba utujuje ibisabwa, udashobora gushyiraho umurongo w'amashanyarazi no gukoresha aho umurongo w'amashanyarazi wa "T" uherereye kandi ugashyiraho icyuma cyihariye cyo gukingira, umurongo mukuru ushobora gushyirwa mu bikorwa;
④ Iyo insinga ebyiri zishyizwe hamwe igihe kirekire uhereye kuri sitasiyo, birahendutse guhitamo aho insinga imwe isohoka no gukoresha uburyo bwa "T" bwo guhuza amashanyarazi ku gice cy'ishami.
Byongeye kandi, iyo imwe muri insinga eshatu zikoreshwa zihujwe na "T" yananiwe, insinga ifite ikibazo ishobora gukurwamo maze izindi nsinga ebyiri zigakomeza gukora nyuma yo gushyiraho plug yihariye yo gukingira.
1.2 Igereranya ry'imikorere n'ihame ryo guhitamo ibikoresho by'insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi
Ubwoko bwose bw'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ifite amashanyarazi menshi mu igeragezwa rikomeye, bushobora kuzuza ibisabwa n'ibipimo ngenderwaho by'igihugu bya IEC60859, mu gushyiraho, gupima, gukoresha no kubungabunga no gucunga amakosa n'ibindi bice by'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi bifite imiterere itandukanye.
Umuyoboro w'insinga ugomba kugira imikorere y'amashanyarazi angana, ubushyuhe bw'akazi n'igihe cy'akazi kimwe n'umuyoboro uri mu guhitamo.
Imiterere y'aho insinga zishyirwa mu cyuma igomba gutuma amashanyarazi akwirakwira neza kandi ikarinda ingamba zo gufunga insinga.
Muri rusange, ifite ibi bikurikira:
(1) Imikorere y'amashanyarazi.
Igikuru ni ukumenya niba uburyo ibikoresho by'insinga bikwirakwizwa mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi bukwiye, niba ingamba zo kunoza uburyo amashanyarazi akwirakwizwamo zikwiye, imbaraga z'amashanyarazi z'ibikoresho, igihombo cya dielectric n'ingano y'ubushyuhe bw'ibicuruzwa, n'ibindi.
Muri icyo gihe, ni ngombwa gusuzuma uburyo amashanyarazi ahagaze neza, harimo imiterere ya chimique n'iy'umubiri ndetse n'uburyo imiterere y'ibikoresho by'insinga ihagaze neza.
Urugero, niba imikorere y'ibikoresho byo kugenzura stress ihamye, niba cone y'stress yoroshye guhindura, ingaruka zo gukuraho insinga ku ikwirakwizwa ry'amashanyarazi y'ibikoresho by'insinga n'ingamba zo gukumira, guhuza ibikoresho bitandukanye, kudahindagurika kw'imiterere y'aho bihurira, nibindi.
Byongeye kandi, imikorere y'ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho by'insinga igomba kandi kuzirikanwa, nko gutakaza amashanyarazi, kudahuza kw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi n'uburyo uhagaze, kurekura ubushyuhe, kwaguka no guhindagurika k'ubushyuhe ku miterere y'amashanyarazi n'iy'imashini bya buri gice.
(2) Imikorere yo gufunga.
Gufunga imikorere idahura n'ubushuhe bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mikorere y'amashanyarazi n'igihe cy'akazi k'ibikoresho by'insinga.
Imiterere yo gufunga icyuma irahamye kandi yizewe.
(3) Imiterere ya mekanike.
Ikigega kigomba kuba gifite ubushobozi bwo kunama no guhagarara bihagije.
(4) Imikorere y'ibikorwa.
Imikorere y'igikorwa ni ingenzi mu gushushanya no guhitamo ibikoresho by'insinga. Uburyo bwo kuyishyiraho bugomba kuba bworoshye uko bishoboka kose, bworoshye mu kubaka aho hantu, kandi igihe cyo kubaka kigomba kuba gito.
Ibikoresho byiza ntibishingira ku bidukikije n'urwego rw'ikoranabuhanga rw'abakozi bashyiraho;
Ubwiza bw'iyinjizwa biroroshye kugenzura, ubwiza bwizewe n'ibindi.
Gushyiramo imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi bishobora gukorwa ku giti cyabyo hatabayeho guhuza amavuta n'umwuka nk'uko byakozwe n'inganda zikora transformateur cyangwa GIS, kandi ubwiza bw'imiyoboro bushobora kwemezwa byoroshye.
(5) Bikwiranye n'ibisabwa n'umushinga.
Ubwoko bwinshi bw'ibikoresho by'insinga bufite imiterere yabyo, guhitamo ibikoresho by'insinga bigomba gufatwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa by'ikoreshwa nyaryo.
(6) Sisitemu yo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'uruganda.
Iyo ibikoresho by'insinga byakozwe mbere bivuye mu ruganda, uruganda rutanga ibice n'ibikoresho nk'ibice byakozwe mbere bya rubber, udupira twakozwe mbere twa stress, amaboko ya porcelain, ibikonoshwa n'ibikoresho bishyirwamo impregnateurs, biteranywa mu bice cyangwa mu miyoboro ihuriweho mu gihe cyo gushyiraho aho hantu.
Ubwiza bw'inganda n'uburyo bwo kuzishyiraho bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku bwiza bw'ibikoresho by'insinga.
Iyi gahunda yo kugenzura ubuziranenge igomba kuba ikubiyemo nibura ibi bikurikira: ① Isuzuma ry’uruganda rigomba gukorwa ku bice by’ingenzi (nk’urukiramende, agakoresho ka epoxy ya GIS, ibikoresho byo gutera imyumbati, nibindi).
Reba witonze niba ibikoresho byo gupima n'ibipimo byizewe, uburyo bwo gupima bufite akamaro, abakozi bo gupima bahuguwe neza kandi inyandiko z'ibizamini zuzuye;
(2) Niba abakozi bo gushyiraho no kubaka boherejwe n'uruganda bahuguwe neza kandi bafite uburambe buhagije mu bwubatsi;
(3) Niba imikoranire hagati y'amashami atandukanye y'uruganda ari myiza;
(4) Inyandiko zabanje kugurisha n'ibikorwa.
Mu guhitamo aho insinga zishyirwa, isuzuma n'isukura nyuma yo guteranya insinga ndetse n'isuzuma n'isukura ry'ikosa ry'insinga bigomba gusuzumwa neza. Bigomba koroha kubona isuzuma n'isukura ryihariye ry'insinga, transformer na GIS nta kubangamirana.
Birumvikana ko uburyo bwo guhinduranya, kongera gukoresha, kudafata neza, imiterere mito n'igiciro cy'ibicuruzwa bya terminals za cable nabyo ari ibintu by'ingenzi bigomba kwitabwaho mu guhitamo.
Umuyoboro wa plug wa plug ebyiri, 10 ~ 35kV
2.1 Ubwoko bwa terminal y'igikoresho
Hari ubwoko bwinshi bw'imitwe ikoresha insinga, muri rusange igabanyijemo moderi zo muri Amerika n'izo mu Burayi.
Akamaro k'ingenzi k'iyi plagi y'insinga ni uguhuza insinga y'icyiciro kimwe cyangwa itatu n'akabati k'imashini, transformer, akabati k'umuyoboro w'impeta, agasanduku k'insinga n'ibindi bikoresho by'amashanyarazi.
Shyiraho umugozi mbere na nyuma y’umugozi umwe nibura, shyiramo umugozi mbere na nyuma y’umugozi ku miterere y’umugozi wa T, umugozi wa T wo kugira ngo ushyireho umwobo utambitse n’uhagaze, shyiramo umugozi mbere na nyuma y’umugozi, shyiramo umugozi mbere na nyuma y’umugozi, shyiramo umugozi mbere na nyuma y’umugozi, shyiramo umugozi uhagaze hamwe n’umugozi, hejuru y’umugozi ukandagiramo umurongo ufite umuvuduko,
Igikoresho gihuza gishyirwa mu mwobo utambitse w’iplagi y’imbere n’iplagi y’inyuma, kandi igikoresho gihuza gihuzwa n’aho gitera insinga, kandi aho icyuma gitera insinga gihuzwa n’insinga.
Udukoresho two guhuza n'imashini zo gushyiramo imbere n'inyuma ni ibikoresho byakozwe mu ruganda, byoroshye kwinjira no gusohoka, bifite ingano nto, imiterere mito, uburyo bworoshye bwo kuyishyiraho, umutekano mwinshi, bishobora gukoreshwa mu kabati k'imashini n'umurongo w'insinga n'ahandi hantu, bibereye gushyirwa mu nzu cyangwa hanze.
Umutwe w'icyuma ukoresha insinga ufite amazina menshi y'ibihimbano, igice cy'inkokora, igice cya T, igice cy'insinga gishobora gutandukana n'andi mazina menshi.
Muri rusange, urwego rw'amashanyarazi rugomba kuba rurimo 10kV na 35kV, kandi icyitegererezo cy'ikoreshwa gikunze kugabanywamo ubwoko bw'i Burayi n'Amerika.
Itandukaniro rikomeye riri hagati y’imiterere ya busbar y’Abanyamerika n’iy’Abanyaburayi n’umutwe w’insinga ni irindi, imiterere y’Amerika itambitse, imiterere y’Abanyaburayi ihagaze.
Ishusho iri hepfo ni iy'Abanyaburayi.
Umutwe w'insinga z'i Burayi uhujwe n'ubwoko bwa bolt yo gukingira;
Ikwiriye akabati k'impeta, agasanduku ko gukwirakwiza insinga, sitasiyo y'ubwoko bwa gasanduku (insinga y'amashanyarazi ihuza amashami) aho yinjira n'aho asohokera, hamwe n'aho umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi uhurira n'imigozi ibiri.
Igice cyo hanze gifite urwego rukingira igice cy’amashanyarazi, rushobora gukorwaho kugira ngo umuntu yizere ko hari umutekano;
Imiterere yihariye y'agace k'umuvuduko ikwirakwiza neza umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi kandi igakemura ikibazo cyo gukata insinga;
Ikibazo cy'ihungabana ry'amashanyarazi;
Kwaguka, gusenya no guteranya byoroshye, bishobora kurangiza guhuza insinga zo mu bwoko bwa "T";
Nta mwuka ujyamo, nta kintu na kimwe gikingira, nta n'ubwoba, nta n'imyuzure, nta n'ubwoba buterwa n'umwanda.
