Igikoresho cyo gufata zinki okisideniicyuma gifata inkubahamwe n'imikorere myiza yo kurinda.
ItsindaIgikoresho cyo gufata zinc oxideni cyo kirinda umuriro ukabije w’amashanyarazi ku isi. Ibi biterwa no kuba harimo azinc oxideumuntu ufatank'ikimenyetso cy'ibanze cya resistor Ibi bituma habaho iterambere mu miterere ya volt-ampere ya disiki ya resistor no kongera ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ingufu zirenze urugero mu miterere ya volteji nyinshi, ibi bikaba ari iterambere rikomeye ugereranije na silicon carbide isanzwe.abata muri yombiMu gihe cy'amashanyarazi asanzwe, umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi unyura muri arrester ni dogere imwe gusa ya micro-ampere. Iyoumuntu ufataihura n'ikibazo cya voltage iri hagati y'amashanyarazi, imiterere myiza idashingiye ku murongo izongera umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi binyuze mu gufata umuriro inshuro ibihumbi byinshi.umuntu ufatairi mu gihe cyo gukora kandi izarekura ingufu zirenze urugero ku isi bityo ikarinda ibikoresho byo kohereza ingufu ingaruka zirenze urugero.
Igikoresho cyo gufata zinc oxydeni ubwoko bushya bw'icyuma gifata umuriro cyakozwe mu myaka ya 1970, kigizwe ahanini na varistor ya zinc oxide. Buri varistor ifite voltage yayo yo guhindura (yitwa voltage ya varistor) kuva ikorwa. Munsi y'amashanyarazi asanzwe akora (ni ukuvuga munsi ya voltage ya varistor), agaciro ka varistor ni kanini cyane, kangana na state ya insulation. Ariko munsi y'amashanyarazi afite ingaruka (aruta voltage ya varistor), varistor irashwanyagurika ku giciro gito, kingana na state ya short-circuit. Ariko, nyuma yuko varistor ikubiswe, ishobora gusubiza state ya insulation; Iyo voltage iri hejuru ya varistor ikuweho, isubira kuri state ya high resistance. Kubwibyo, iyo zinc oxide arrester ishyizwe ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi, iyo inkuba ikubise, voltage nyinshi y'umuraba w'inkuba ituma varistor icika, maze umuriro w'inkuba unyura muri varistor ukagera ku isi. Voltage iri ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi ishobora kugenzurwa mu buryo bwizewe, kugira ngo birinde umutekano w'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi.
Ibintu birindwi biranga icyuma gifata zinc oxide:
Ubushobozi bwo gutemba
Ibi bigaragarira cyane cyane mu buryo inkuba ifata amashanyarazi ifite ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza ubwoko bwose bw'amashanyarazi arenze urugero, ingufu zidasanzwe zikoresha amashanyarazi n'amashanyarazi arenze urugero akoresha amashanyarazi.
Imiterere y'uburinzi
Igikoresho cyo gufunga zinc oxyde gikoreshwa mu kurinda ubwoko bwose bw'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi kwangirika k'umuvuduko ukabije w'ibicuruzwa by'amashanyarazi, gifite imikorere myiza yo kurinda. Kubera imiterere myiza ya voltammetry idahindagurika ya zinc oxide valve sheet, ni mikoroamps nke gusa z'umuvuduko unyura munsi y'umuvuduko usanzwe, biroroshye gushushanya imiterere idacika, ku buryo ifite imiterere myiza yo kurinda, uburemere bworoheje n'ingano nto. Iyo voltamte irenze ikwirakwira, amashanyarazi anyura muri plate ya valve ariyongera vuba, kandi akagabanya uburebure bwa voltamte kandi agasohora ingufu za voltamte. Nyuma y'ibyo, plate ya zinc oxide valve igarura imiterere yo kurwanya cyane kugira ngo sisitemu y'amashanyarazi ikore neza.
Imikorere yo gufunga
Ibice bifunga inkuba bifite ubushobozi bwo gusaza neza, bifite ubushobozi bwo gufata umwuka neza, bifite ubushobozi bwo kugenzura impeta yo gufunga no gufunga ibintu bitwikiriye n'ibindi bipimo, bifite uburyo bwo gufunga nk'ibikoresho bya ceramic, kugira ngo bibe byiza ko bifunga neza, kugira ngo imikorere ya icyuma gifunga inkuba ihamye.
Imiterere ya mekanike ya
Ibintu bitatu bikurikira byibandwaho cyane cyane: imbaraga z'imitingito zigomba kwitabwaho;
Umuvuduko ntarengwa w'umuyaga ku gikoresho gifata ibintu;
Igice cyo hejuru cy'icyuma gifata insinga gifite umuvuduko ntarengwa wemewe w'insinga.
Umutungo wo gukuraho uburozi
Imashini ifata zinc oxide idakoresha icyuho ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ihumana ryinshi.
Intera yihariye yo gukurura igenwa n'ibipimo ngenderwaho by'igihugu ni: Icyiciro cya kabiri cy'agace gahumanye: intera yihariye yo gukurura 20mm/kV;
Agace gahumanya cyane ko mu cyiciro cya gatatu: intera yihariye yo gukurura 25mm/ kV;
Icyiciro cya IV cy'ahantu hahumanye cyane: intera yihariye yo gukurura 31mm/kV.
Kwizerwa cyane mu mikorere
Kwizerwa kw'imikorere y'igihe kirekire biterwa n'ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa n'uburyo ibicuruzwa bitoranywa neza. Ingaruka ku bwiza bw'ibicuruzwa byabyo ahanini zishingiye ku bintu bitatu bikurikira: imiterere rusange y'icyuma gifata inkuba; Imiterere ya voltammetric n'ubudahangarwa bw'isaza bwa valve ya zinc oxide; Imikorere yo gufunga icyuma gifata inkuba.
Kwihanganira inshuro z'ingufu
Bitewe n'uko sisitemu y'amashanyarazi nk'aho ikoreshwa mu gusimbuza amashanyarazi mu buryo bumwe, ingaruka z'umuvuduko muremure no kwangwa kw'umutwaro n'izindi mpamvu, bizatuma ingufu ziyongera cyangwa zigatuma ingufu zirenga umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi ziyongera cyane, icyuma gifata inkuba gifite igihe runaka cyo kwihanganira izamuka ry'imbaraga ziyongera.
Imikorere
Buri bwoko bw'icyuma gifata amazi bufite ibyiza n'imiterere yacyo, kandi kigomba gukoreshwa ahantu hatandukanye kugira ngo kigire ingaruka nziza ku bushyuhe. Mu gihe cy'amashanyarazi agenwe, icyuma gifata amazi kingana n'icyuma gifata amazi kandi nta kintu na kimwe kizagira. Mu gihe habaye ikibazo cyangwa umuriro mwinshi, icyuma gifata amazi kizakora kandi kigana umuriro ku butaka kugira ngo kirinde neza ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi.
Gushyira mu byiciro
Dukurikije urwego rw'amashanyarazi
Ibikoresho bifunga zinc oxyde bishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe agaciro k'amashanyarazi kandi bishobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu:
Icyiciro cy'amashanyarazi menshi: Bivuga urukurikirane rw'ibikoresho bifunga zinc oxide biri hejuru ya 66KV, bishobora kugabanywamo ibice birindwi: 1000kV, 750kV, 500kV, 330kV, 220kV, 110kV, na 66kV.
Icyiciro cy'amashanyarazi aciriritse: Bivuga ibicuruzwa bya zinc oxide arrester biri hagati ya 3kV na 66kV (usibye ibicuruzwa bya 66kV), bishobora kugabanywamo urwego rune rw'amashanyarazi: 3kV, 6kV, 10kV, na 35KV.
Icyiciro cy'amashanyarazi make: Bivuga ibikoresho bya zinc oxide arrester series biri munsi ya 3KV (usibye ibicuruzwa bya 3kV series), bishobora kugabanywamo urwego rune rwa voltage: 1kV, 0.5kV, 0.38kV, na 0.22kV.
Dukurikije uko umuvuduko w'amazi usohoka
Dukurikije umuvuduko w’amazi usohoka mu buryo bw’izina, ibifunga bya zinc oxide bishobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitanu: 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.5kA.
Dukurikijegukoresha
Utwuma dufata zinc oxide dushobora kugabanywamo ubwoko burindwi hakurikijwe ikoreshwa ryatwo: ubwoko bwa sisitemu, ubwoko bwa sitasiyo y'amashanyarazi ya sisitemu, ubwoko bw'ikwirakwizwa rya sisitemu, ubwoko bw'uburinzi bwa capacitor y'ingurane ya shunt, ubwoko bwa gari ya moshi ikoresha amashanyarazi, ubwoko bwa moteri na moteri, ubwoko bwa transformer idafite aho ibogamiye.
Dukurikije imiterere
Ibikoresho bifunga zinc oxide bishobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bibiri bitewe n'imiterere yabyo.
Igikoresho cyo gukumira imyuka ya zinc gishobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bine bitewe n’imikorere yo kurwanya imyuka ihumanya. Icyiciro ⅰ ni ubwoko busanzwe, Icyiciro ⅱ gikoreshwa mu gace gasukuye gaciriritse (intera yihariye y’imyuka ya 20mm/KV), Icyiciro ⅲ gikoreshwa mu gace gasukuye gakomeye (intera yihariye y’imyuka ya 25mm/KV), naho Icyiciro ⅳ gikoreshwa mu gace gasukuye gakomeye cyane (intera yihariye y’imyuka ya 31mm/KV).
Ikoti rivanze: Ikoti rivanze rigizwe n'ibikoresho bya silicone nk'ikoti, kandi guhitamo urupapuro rwo kurwanya zinc oxide rufite ubushobozi bwo hejuru, ikoreshwa ry'imbere mu buryo bwihariye, rikozwe hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, rifite ibyiza bibiri by'ibikoresho bya silicone hamwe n'urupapuro rwo kurwanya zinc oxide. Uretse ibyiza byose bya porcelain zinc oxide, uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa bifite ubushobozi bwo gukingira, birwanya umwanda mwinshi, birwanya guturika neza kandi bito, bifite uburemere bworoshye, ntibikorohera kwangirika, bifunga neza, birwanya gusaza neza n'ibindi byiza.
Dukurikije imiterere y'imiterere
Igikoresho cyo gufata okiside ya zinki gishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko butatu hakurikijwe imiterere n'imikorere: nta ruhushya (W), hamwe n'uruhushya rw'uruhererekane (C), hamwe n'uruhushya rw'uruhererekane (B).
1. Mu bihe byashize, guhitamo n'ibibi by'ibikoresho bifunga inkuba byatekerezaga gusa ku mikorere y'amashanyarazi arenze urugero n'amashanyarazi arenze urugero
Igipimo ngenderwaho cy’igihugu kivuga ko voltage y’aho amashanyarazi akorera muri sisitemu igomba kuba hejuru gato y’inshuro K z’ingufu zisanzwe (cyangwa voltage ifite ingano) Un y’isitemu, ni ukuvuga K = Um / Un (Um ni voltage iri hejuru cyane y’isitemu). Ubushobozi bwo gukingira ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi bugomba kuba bushobora gukora igihe kirekire munsi ya Un. K kuri sisitemu za 220kV no munsi yazo ni 1.15, naho kuri sisitemu za 330kV no hejuru yazo, K = 1.1. Amahame yavuzwe haruguru nayo akurikizwa mu cyiciro cya mbere cy’igishushanyo mbonera cy’icyuma gifata umuriro.
2. Guhitamo no kuba ngombwa ko icyuma gifata inkuba gikoreshwa mu buryo bufatika kugira ngo amashanyarazi akoreshwe neza mu buryo bunyuramo ingufu nyinshi kandi bugatuma habaho umutekano mu mikorere y'amashanyarazi.
Mu rwego rw'imikorere myiza, guhitamo voltage ifite agaciro k'icyuma gifata umuriro bigomba kandi kubahiriza amahame akurikira:
(1) Voltage ifite ingano ya zinc oxide arrester igomba kuba iri hejuru y’voltage y’ingufu ishobora kugaragara mu gihe cyo kuyishyiraho. Muri sisitemu yo gusiga hasi ya 110kV no hejuru yayo, ishobora gutoranywa hakurikijwe uburyo bwavuzwe haruguru.
(2) muri 110 kv no munsi ya sisitemu yo gusimbuza itaraguye, ishami ry’amashanyarazi rigenga amashanyarazi rigendera ku mategeko agenga ubutaka bw’igice kimwe, kandi rimwe na rimwe ndetse no mu gihe cy’ikoreshwa ry’amashanyarazi mu gihe cy’amasaha arenga 2 kugira ngo haboneke ikibazo, ubu bwoko bw’imikorere ya sisitemu bugaragaza ko amashanyarazi ya zinc oxide lightning arrester ikora neza munsi ya voltage ifite 10 s butera ikibazo gikomeye. Kandi imiterere ya zinc oxide arrester na SiC arrester, imiterere iratandukanye (iya nyuma ni icika ry’icyuho cya arc, iya mbere nta cyuho ifite cyangwa icyuho cyo gutandukanya gusa), ku buryo mu by’ukuri igabanuka ry’ubushyuhe bwa zinc oxide arrester ndetse n’impanuka zikomeye zo guturika. Bitewe n’iki kibazo, ibiro byinshi by’amashanyarazi n’ibigo bikora imiterere y’amashanyarazi byashyize ahagaragara ubwoko bwinshi bw’agaciro ka voltage (nka 14.4kV, 14.7kV, nibindi) hakurikijwe imiterere y’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi wo mu gace. Mu igeragezwa ry’umutwaro w’ibikorwa mu nyandiko nyinshi z’igihugu zisanzwe ziganiraho, ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira voltage ifite 10s bwongereweho inshuro 1.2 ~ 1.3, kugira ngo ubushobozi bwo guhuza zinc oxide arrester n’aho itaragera. sisitemu yo gufunga ubutaka idasobanutse iravuguruye.
Kubera ko ingufu z’amashanyarazi zikoreshwa mu gufunga zinc oxide ari nke cyane, icyuma gifunga zizakora ku ngufu zikoreshwa mu gufunga zinc oxide cyangwa ku ngufu nyinshi zikoreshwa mu gufunga zisanzwe. Ishami rishinzwe umutekano rishinzwe kugenzura no gutunganya umusaruro rya Minisiteri y’amashanyarazi ryatanze igitekerezo cyo kuvugurura icyuma gifunga zisanzwe mu itangazo rya 17 ry’umutekano ryo ku ya 30 Ukwakira 1993.
Mu gihe cy'inzibacyuho hagati y'itangazo n'ivugururwa ry'ibipimo bishya, hatanzwe amategeko akurikira yerekeye guhitamo voltage ifite agaciro n'voltage ihoraho y'icyuma gifata zinc oxide muri sisitemu idafite ubutaka: voltage ifite agaciro ni inshuro 1.2-1.3 z'igishushanyo mbonera cya voltage izimya arc ya SiC, kandi voltage ihoraho ni voltage iri hejuru y'umurongo w'imikorere ya sisitemu.
Kubera ko nta gipimo ngenderwaho gihuriweho ku makuru y'ibanze yavuzwe haruguru, hazabaho itandukaniro hagati y'ukora icyuma gifata inkuba n'umukoresha mu gushushanya no gukora.
3, gushyira mu bikorwa icyiciro cya 2000 cy'uburyo bushya bwo guhitamo ibintu bifatwa n'inkuba mu buryo busanzwe, bwizewe kandi bukwiye
Mu gipimo gishya cy’Ubushinwa cyo mu 2000 (GB11032-2000), ihame ry’ingufu zidasanzwe zo guhitamo hejuru y’inshuro 1.2-1.3 ryamenyekanye, ariko ihitamo ry’ingufu zihoraho zo gukora rifite ingingo nshya: uhereye ku ishusho y’ubuzima bwa serivisi yo gufata 1.5Un//U1mA nk'agaciro gashingiye ku guhitamo (gushushanya) ingufu zihoraho zo gukora za gufata amashanyarazi. Hamwe n’urwego rw’igishushanyo n’inganda zakozwemo, agaciro rusange ni 80%, bityo ingufu zihoraho zo gukora zatoranijwe nk’inshuro 0.8 z’ingufu zisanzwe. Ibi bishyigikiwe n’agace gato k’umuyoboro wa voltammetry.
Kubwibyo, mu buryo bufatika, urwego rw'amashanyarazi arenze urugero rw'isaha imwe rugomba kwitabwaho mu gihe cyo kubara simulation hakurikijwe imiterere yihariye cyangwa guhitamo umufatabuguzi hakurikijwe ubunararibonye n'imikorere. Ariko, hari agaciro kenshi k'amashanyarazi gatandukanye gato n'agaciro kavuzwe haruguru mu masezerano ya tekiniki y'abakoresha ndetse no mu bishushanyo by'ibigo bikora imiterere y'amashanyarazi, ibyo mbona ko bidakenewe (nka 16.5kV na 16.7kV muri 10kV, nibindi). Impamvu ni uko mu buryo nyabwo bwo gushushanya umufatabuguzi w'imirasire, agaciro k'amashanyarazi gafite urugero mu murongo wa volt-ampere kari mu gace gato k'amashanyarazi, kari munsi y'agaciro ka U1mAAC, gushakisha itandukaniro rito ntibishobora kugerwaho mu gishushanyo nyacyo cy'umufatabuguzi w'imirasire; Byongeye kandi, uhereye ku kiganiro gikurikira, hakurikijwe ibisabwa n'amahame mashya y'igihugu kugira ngo hatoranywe ikoreshwa mu mutekano munsi y'amashanyarazi arenze urugero yemewe (ibi bivuga sisitemu idafunze).
4. Guhitamo siyansi kwa zinc oxide arrester idafite ibidukikije hakurikijwe ibipimo bishya byo mu 2000
(1) Voltage ifite amanota igomba gutoranywa kandi igakorwa hakurikijwe agaciro ntarengwa k’amashanyarazi yemewe akoreshwa ku miyoboro y’icyuma gifata, kugira ngo ibashe gukora neza munsi y’amashanyarazi y’igihe gito agenwa mu igeragezwa ry’umutwaro w’ibikorwa byagenwe. Voltage ihoraho igomba gutoranywa kugira ngo yemererwe RMS ihoraho hagati y’imiyoboro y’icyuma gifata. Muri iki gihe, voltage yo gusohora amashanyarazi igomba kuba iri hejuru bihagije kugira ngo hirindwe imikorere y’ibikoresho birinzwe munsi y’amashanyarazi y’igihe nta bwirinzi kandi yongere igihe cyo gukora, kandi urwego nyarwo rw’igipimo cy’ingufu n’amashanyarazi asigaye ya zinc oxide arrester ikorerwa mu Bushinwa bigomba kwitabwaho.
(2) Iyo voltage y'ingufu izamutse cyane cyangwa voltage yo gupima insulation y'ibikoresho iri hejuru, voltage ifite urwego rwo hejuru rw'icyuma gifata zinc oxide gifata zinc oxide gikwiye gutoranywa. Guhitamo voltage y'ingufu igomba kuba ingana cyangwa irenze voltage ifite urwego. Izi ngingo ebyiri mu bipimo bishya bya NATIONAL byujuje ibisabwa, imibare ikurikira ishobora kandi kuboneka ko yujuje ibisabwa byo gupima hejuru. Ibisabwa ku rwego rw'igihugu, kugira ngo igikorwa cyo gupima igice kimwe kibe amasaha 2 nta gikorwa. Mu gihe gikomeye cyane, iyo gupima igice kimwe no kwanga umutwaro bibaho icyarimwe, voltage ntarengwa ishoboka ibarwa hakurikijwe inyigisho ni inshuro 1.99, kandi voltage ihoraho yemewe ya UC (agaciro gafatika) ya zinc oxide ifatwa ku buryo bukurikira:
Voltage ifite amanota (Ur≈1.25 UC) yatoranijwe hakurikijwe igipimo cy’igihugu cyo gushyushya cya 0.8, byose byujuje ibisabwa. Niba hakoreshejwe arc grounding na resonant overvoltage hamwe n’ubushobozi bwo gusohoka bwinshi, voltage ifite amanota igomba guhura na: ongera ukande?=0.8 Hitamo voltage ihoraho yo gukora, nayo yujuje ibisabwa.
Muri make, ingorabahizi nyamukuru yo guhitamo icyuma gifata umuriro ni ukumenya aho umuriro ugarukira by'agateganyo. Ni ngombwa kugenzura ko imikorere yayo ikorwa neza kandi mu buryo bwizewe mu gihe cy'amashanyarazi menshi n'ikirere gishyushye, no kugenzura ko icyuma gifunga umuriro kidakora mu gihe cy'amashanyarazi menshi.
Muri iki gihe, guhitamo ubwoko n'imiterere y'icyuma gifata ibikoresho bigomba kwemeza ko icyuma gifata ibikoresho gifite ingufu nyinshi za zinc oxide zidakora iyo habayeho amasaha abiri yo gusimbuka mu gice kimwe, bitabaye ibyo icyuma gifata ibikoresho gifite ingufu za zinc oxide kizagaragara nk'igishyushye cyangwa ndetse n'impanuka yo guturika.
Bityo rero, birakwiye guhitamo sisitemu idafunze hakurikijwe ibisabwa bishya.
Ariko mu gikoresho cya capacitor gishingiye ku ruziga rw’icyuma gifunga imirasire, hejuru y’amashanyarazi yo hasi izaba iri hasi cyane, hanyuma ushobora guhitamo hasi ukurikije uburyo bwo gupima voltage n’amashanyarazi ahoraho kugira ngo ukoreshe ingufu za zinc oxide lightning arrester munsi y’amashanyarazi make yo hasi yo gukora, igikoresho cyo kurinda capacitor, ariko niba utabikora, ushobora no guhitamo ukurikije sisitemu yo kudashyiraho ingufu.
Kubera ko insulation ya capacitor pole ijya ku butaka yafashwe nk'iyujuje ibisabwa mu gihe cy'amasaha 2 byo gusimbuza ubutaka mu cyiciro kimwe.
Ikora ku muvuduko uri munsi y’umuvuduko ugenwe, ifata ritakora kandi ntirizatera kwangirika k’umuvuduko urenze urugero ku gikoresho cya capacitor.
Muri rusange, ibi biterwa nuko plaque za valve za zinc oxide series zidafite aho ziborera mu buryo butaziguye, muri zinc oxide lightning arrester resistor zidashobora kwihanganira inshuro zirenga 1.99 z'umuvuduko ukabije, uterwa na SiC arcing voltage reference reference ya zinc oxide lightning arrester voltage idashobora kuzuza ibisabwa, igomba kuzamuka kugira ngo irinde umutekano wa arrester, nko kutagira amakuru nyayo ya simulation,
Agaciro gasabwa kari mu murongo w’amahame y’igihugu ni ko gakwiye kurushaho kuko kujuje ibisabwa ntarengwa.
