Ikingira ry’ingufu ni irinda ry’urujya n’uruza rikora neza cyane, iyo rihangana n’amashanyarazi menshi y’igihe gito, ingufu nyinshi, ryihuse (10-9s) kuva ku ngufu nyinshi z’umwimerere kugeza ku ngufu nke, hamwe n’amashanyarazi menshi y’igihe gito kugeza ku ngufu zagenwe, kugira ngo ririnde neza ibikoresho n’ibikoresho by’ingenzi kwangirika, akazi k’urujya n’uruza nta nkomyi.
(1) Ibikoresho byo kurinda isuri bigabanyijemo ibice bitatu
Urwego rwa mbere rushobora gusohora umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi utaziguye cyangwa ingufu nyinshi zoherezwa iyo umurongo w'amashanyarazi ukubiswe n'inkuba. Uburinzi bw'urwego rwa mbere bugomba kuba ari icyuma gifunga amashanyarazi gifite ibyiciro bitatu, kandi umuvuduko wacyo ntugomba kuba munsi ya 60kA. Muri rusange gikoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza muri rusange.
Intego y'icyiciro cya kabiri ni ukugabanya agaciro k'amashanyarazi asigaye anyura mu gice cya mbere cy'icyuma gifata inkuba kugeza kuri 1500-2000v, no gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo guhuza lpz1-lpz2. Iyo icyuma gifata inkuba gisohoka mu murongo w'akabati gakwirakwiza inkuba gikoreshejwe nk'uburinzi bwo ku rwego rwa kabiri, icyuma gifata inkuba kigabanya inkuba kigomba gukoreshwa, kandi ubushobozi bwacyo bwo gukoresha inkuba ntibugomba kuba munsi ya 20KA.
Intego y'urwego rwa gatatu ni ukurinda ibikoresho no kugabanya agaciro k'amashanyarazi asigaye kugeza munsi ya 1000V. Nk'uburinzi bwo ku rwego rwa gatatu, igomba kuba ifata ingufu z'amashanyarazi zigabanya ingufu z'amashanyarazi, kandi ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi yayo ntibugomba kuba munsi ya 10kA. Muri rusange ikoreshwa mu bikoresho byo gukwirakwiza ingufu z'amashanyarazi.
Uburyo butandukanye bwo gukwirakwiza bugomba guhitamo ibikoresho bikingira isuri bihuye nabyo, bishobora kugabanywamo TN (TN-S, NC, TN-CS), it na TT.
1) Uburinzi bw'ibanze
Intego ni ukubuza ingufu z'amashanyarazi kuva mu gace ka lpz0 kugera mu gace ka lpz1, no kugabanya ingufu z'amashanyarazi kuva ku bihumbi icumi kugeza ku bihumbi amagana kugeza kuri 2500-3000v.
Iyo icyuma gifata imirabyo gishyizwe ku ruhande rw'icyuma gihindura amashanyarazi mu rugo gikoreshejwe nk'uburinzi bwo ku rwego rwa mbere, kigomba kuba icyuma gifata imirabyo gikoresha amashanyarazi kigira ibyiciro bitatu, kandi imirabyo yayo ntigomba kuba munsi ya 60kA. Iki gipimo cy'icyuma gifata imirabyo gikoresha amashanyarazi kigomba kuba icyuma gifata imirabyo gikoresha amashanyarazi menshi gihujwe hagati ya buri cyiciro cy'umurongo winjira ku muryango w'imashini y'amashanyarazi y'umukoresha n'isi. Umwarimu Di wo kwigisha imiterere y'amashanyarazi kuri interineti muri rusange asaba ko iki gipimo cy'icyuma gifata imirabyo gikoresha amashanyarazi gifite ubushobozi bwo gukora burenze 100kA kuri buri gice kandi amashanyarazi asabwa ni munsi ya 1500V, ari byo byitwa urwego rwa classi power lightning arrester. Ibi bipimo by'imirabyo bikoresha amashanyarazi byagenewe kwihanganira imirabyo myinshi n'imirabyo kandi bigakurura ingufu nyinshi, bishobora kuyobya imirabyo myinshi ku isi. Batanga gusa voltage igabanya umuvuduko (iyo umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi unyura mu gikoresho gifata amashanyarazi, voltage ntarengwa ku murongo yitwa voltage igabanya umuvuduko) nk'uburinzi bw'urwego rwo hagati, kuko urwego rw'uburinzi rwa classi ahanini rufata umuvuduko munini w'amashanyarazi, kandi bo ubwabo ntibashobora kurinda byuzuye ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi biri mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi.
Igikoresho cyo gufata inkuba cyo ku rwego rwa mbere gishobora gukumira umuraba wa 10 / 350us na 100kA, kikagera ku rwego rwo hejuru rwo kurinda rwagenwe na IEC.
Icyitonderwa mu bya tekiniki ni iki: imirabyo y'inkuba iruta cyangwa ingana na 100kA (10 / 350us); Agaciro k'amashanyarazi asigaye ntikagomba kurenza 2.5KV; Igihe cyo gusubiza ni munsi cyangwa kingana na 100ns.
2) Uburinzi bwa kabiri
Intego ni ukugabanya agaciro k'amashanyarazi asigaye anyura mu gikoresho cyo gufata inkuba cyo ku rwego rwa mbere kugeza kuri 1500-2000v, no gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo guhuza lpz1-lpz2.
Iyo icyuma gifata imirabyo gisohoka mu murongo w'akabati gatanga amashanyarazi gikoreshejwe nk'uburinzi bwo ku rwego rwa kabiri, icyuma gifata imirabyo kigomba gushyirwa ahatangirwa amashanyarazi gitanga amashanyarazi ku bikoresho by'amashanyarazi by'ingenzi cyangwa byoroheje, kandi ubushobozi bwacyo bwo gutanga amashanyarazi ntibugomba kuba munsi ya 20KA. Bwana Di, yigisha imiterere y'amashanyarazi kuri interineti, ibi bikoresho bifata imirabyo bishobora gufata neza ingufu zisigaye zinyura mu cyuma gifata imirabyo ku cyuma gitanga amashanyarazi, kandi bikagira ingaruka nziza ku muvuduko w'amashanyarazi udashira.
Ubushobozi ntarengwa bwo gufata ingufu z'amashanyarazi bukoreshwa hano bugomba kuba burenga 45kA kuri buri cyiciro, kandi ingufu zisabwa zigomba kuba munsi ya 1200V, ari byo byitwa ClassII power lightning arrester. Muri rusange, iyo sisitemu y'amashanyarazi ikoresha igeze ku burinzi bwo ku rwego rwa kabiri, ishobora kuzuza ibisabwa mu mikorere y'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi.
Ubwirinzi bwa Class C bwakoreshejwe mu gufata amashanyarazi yo mu cyiciro cya II kugira ngo burinde burundu imiterere ya phase-I, phase-I na phase-I, kandi ibipimo by'ingenzi bya tekiniki ni: ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi y'umurabyo buruta cyangwa bungana na 40ka (8 / 20us); Agaciro k'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi usigaye ntikagomba kurenza 1000V; Igihe cyo gusubiza ntikigomba kurenza 25ns.
3) Uburinzi bwo ku rwego rwa gatatu
Intego ni ukurinda ibikoresho burundu binyuze mu kugabanya ingufu zisigaye z’amashanyarazi kugeza munsi ya 1000V, kugira ngo ingufu z’amashanyarazi zishobore kwangiza ibikoresho.
Iyo icyuma gifata imirabyo gishyirwa ku mpera y’amashanyarazi ya AC y’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga gikoreshejwe nk'uburinzi bwo ku rwego rwa gatatu, kigomba kuba icyuma gifata imirabyo kigabanya ingufu z’amashanyarazi, kandi ubushobozi bw’umuvuduko w’imirabyo ntibugomba kuba munsi ya 10kA.
Amaherezo, icyuma gifata imirabyo y’amashanyarazi gishobora gukoreshwa mu ngufu z’imbere mu bikoresho by’amashanyarazi kugira ngo gikureho burundu ingufu nke z’amashanyarazi. Bwana Di, yigisha imiterere y’amashanyarazi kuri interineti, ubushobozi ntarengwa bw’icyuma gifata imirabyo y’amashanyarazi gikoreshwa hano bugomba kuba 20KA kuri buri cyiciro cyangwa munsi yacyo, kandi ingufu zisabwa zigomba kuba munsi ya 1000V. Ku bikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga by’ingenzi cyane cyangwa by’ingenzi, ni ngombwa kugira uburinzi bwo ku rwego rwa gatatu, kandi bushobora no kurinda ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi ingufu z’amashanyarazi zikomoka muri sisitemu. Ku ngufu zitunganya amashanyarazi zikoreshwa mu bikoresho by’itumanaho bya mikoroonde, ibikoresho by’itumanaho bya sitasiyo zigendanwa n’ibikoresho bya radar, ibikoresho bifata imirabyo by’amashanyarazi bya DC bifite ingufu z’amashanyarazi zikwiye bigomba gutoranywa nk’uburinzi budakwiranye n’urwego hakurikijwe ibyo ingufu z’amashanyarazi zikenera.
4) Hakurikijwe urwego rw'amashanyarazi ahangana n'ibinyabiziga birinzwe
Niba uburinzi bw'inkuba bufite urwego rubiri bushobora kugabanya voltage iri munsi y'urugero rwa voltage ihangana n'ibikoresho, hakenewe uburinzi bw'urwego rubiri gusa. Niba urwego rwa voltage ihangana n'ibikoresho ruri hasi, hashobora kuba hakenewe urwego rune cyangwa rurenga rw'uburinzi. Ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi y'uburinzi bw'urwego rwa kane ntibugomba kuba munsi ya 5ka.
(2) Kuki icyuma gikingira amashanyarazi n'icyuma gihagarika amashanyarazi bigomba gushyirwa imbere y'icyuma gikingira amashanyarazi?
Iyo umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi unyura mu muyoboro w’amashanyarazi urenze IMAX yayo, umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi uracikagurika maze ugapfa, bigatuma umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi ucikagurika. Kugira ngo uce umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi ucikagurika, ni ngombwa gushyiraho umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi cyangwa fuse. Bwana Di, yigisha imiterere y’amashanyarazi kuri interineti, buri muyoboro w’amashanyarazi utera gusaza k’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi. Urugero, niba umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi ubayeho igihe kirekire, umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi uzashyuha cyane kandi wihutishe gusaza. Muri iki gihe, sisitemu yo kurinda ubushyuhe bw’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi cyangwa fuse igomba gukora kugira ngo ivane umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi mbere yuko umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi ugera ku bushyuhe ntarengwa bwemewe.
Ibisabwa ku murinda w’ubwikorezi ku muyoboro wa fuse na circuit breaker: iyo imiyoboro 20 isanzwe ya microsegonda 8 / 20 na microsegonda 1.2 / 50 ya microsegonda ikoreshejwe munsi y’umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi, circuit breaker cyangwa fuse ntibizagwa. Iyo circuit breaker yangiritse kandi igashyirwa ku murongo mugufi, circuit breaker cyangwa fuse izakora. Niba circuit breaker ari module ihinduranya, kubera ko uburyo bwayo bwo kwangirika ari circuit ifunguye, ishobora kurindwa nta circuit breaker nto na fuse.
Fuse na circuit breaker byombi bishobora gukoreshwa nk'uburinzi bwiza bw'uburinzi bw'ubushyuhe. Ibiranga fuse; Fuse ifite inshingano ebyiri zo kurinda: gutinda igihe kirekire n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi uhita uhinduka, ifite imiterere y'igihe ntarengwa. Bwana Di, wigisha ikoranabuhanga ryo gushushanya amashanyarazi kuri interineti, akoreshwa nk'uburinzi bw'amashanyarazi arenze urugero n'ubw'amashanyarazi magufi, ni ukuvuga ko umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ugomba gusimburwa nyuma yo guhuza amakosa. Ibiranga circuit breaker: circuit breaker ifite uburinzi bw'amashanyarazi ahita uhinduka n'uburinzi bw'ubushyuhe bukabije. Nyuma yo guhagarika amakosa, ishobora kongera gukoreshwa n'intoki idasimbuje ibice.
Reba itandukaniro riri hagati y'imirongo yinjira: Ikingira ry'amashanyarazi rya 440V rigomba gutoranywa kuri sisitemu y'insinga eshanu ya 280v cyangwa sisitemu y'insinga enye ya 380V. Ikingira ry'amashanyarazi rya 220V rigomba gutoranywa kuri sisitemu y'insinga ebyiri ya 220V cyangwa sisitemu y'insinga eshatu ya 220V. Byongeye kandi, icyitonderwa: urwego rw'uburinzi bw'ikingira ry'amashanyarazi ryatoranijwe ni urwego rwa 2 kuri 280v eshatu ku murongo w'inyubako y'abaturage; Icyiciro cya 3 kuri 220V imwe.
Nyuma y'uko umurongo wa sisitemu ya TN-CS winjiye mu gasanduku rusange k'inyubako, umurongo wa karamu ugabanywamo umurongo wa N n'umurongo wa PE. Ni ngombwa gusa gushyiraho ikirinda surge hagati y'umurongo wa I n'umurongo wa karamu.
Imashini iri imbere y'icyuma gikingira umuriro ishobora guhitamo fuse na circuit breaker. Muri rusange, 40 ~ 63A igomba gutoranywa kuri IMAX > 40ka naho 20 ~ 32A igatoranywa kuri IMAX < 40ka.
(3) Ese ikintu kirinda umuyaga n'icyuma gifata inkuba ni kimwe?
Nubwo imashini irinda umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi n'iy'amashanyarazi ifata inkuba byombi bifite inshingano zo gukumira umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi ukabije, cyane cyane umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi ukabije, biracyafite itandukaniro rinini mu mikoreshereze yabyo.
1) Ibikoresho bikingira amashanyarazi bifite urwego rwinshi rw'amashanyarazi, kuva kuri 0.38kv kugeza kuri 500kV UHV, mu gihe ibikoresho bikingira amashanyarazi muri rusange bifite amashanyarazi make gusa;
2) Utwuma dufata inkuba akenshi dushyirwa kuri sisitemu y'ibanze kugira ngo hirindwe ko inkuba yakwinjira mu buryo butaziguye, mu gihe utwuma dukingira umuraba dushyirwa kuri sisitemu ya kabiri, ibi bikaba ari inyongera nyuma y'uko utwuma dufata inkuba dukuraho ko inkuba yakwinjira mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa iyo utwuma dufata inkuba tudakuyeho inkuba;
3) Igikoresho cyo gukumira inkuba gikoreshwa mu kurinda ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi, naho igikingira cy'amashanyarazi gikoreshwa cyane mu kurinda ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga cyangwa ibyuma bipima inkuba;
4) Kubera ko icyuma gifata umuriro gihujwe na sisitemu y'amashanyarazi, kigomba kugira ubushobozi buhagije bwo gukingira inyuma n'ingano nini. Kubera ko icyuma gikingira umuriro gihujwe na voltage nkeya, ingano ishobora kuba nto cyane.
