Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku mutekano w'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi muri rusange bigabanyijemo ibyiciro bibiri, ari byo: kwangirika no gusaza biterwa no kwirundanya kw'igihe cya buri munsi no gucika intege gutunguranye guterwa n'ibintu byo hanze. Ibi bintu bibiri bishobora gutera gucika intege, guhagarika imikorere y'amashanyarazi, kandi bishobora gutuma amashanyarazi adakora neza mu bihe bikomeye. Muri byo, ikintu cyo gukusanya igihe gishobora kugenzurwa mu buryo bw'ubukorano, bigatera amahirwe make cyane yo gucika intege, kandi ikirere cyo hanze (harimo inkuba, inkubi z'umuyaga, inkongi z'umuriro, kwangirika kw'urubura, umwanda, ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe, umuvuduko w'ikirere, kwangirika kw'inyoni, nibindi) ibintu bifite ubushobozi bwinshi bwo kudacungwa, bigatera amahirwe menshi yo gucika intege no kwangirika gukomeye.
1. Inkuba zikubita
Ikirere cy'imirabyo gikunze kugaragara mu gihe cy'imvura kandi kigira ingaruka mbi cyane. Imirongo myinshi ikwirakwiza imirabyo ishyirwa mu murima ifite imiterere y'intera nini n'uburebure bw'umunara, ibyo bigatuma urwego rw'umuyoboro rudakomera kandi rworoshye gukubitwa n'imirabyo. Mu butaka bubi, hari imirongo myinshi ikoresha uruziga rumwe, kandi nta burinzi bwo kurinda no gukingira butangwa n'imirongo iteganye, ibyo byongera impanuka z'imirabyo. Gutembera kw'imirabyo bituma habaho igice kinini cy'amakosa y'imirongo ikwirakwiza imirabyo, kandi uko urwego rw'amashanyarazi rugabanuka, niko amahirwe yo kunanirwa kw'imirabyo aba menshi.
Iyo inkuba isohoye, ingufu za cumulonimbus layer zirarundanya, zigakora amashanyarazi akomeye afite ingufu nyinshi, zigahura kandi zigashiraho ingufu nyinshi zitwarwa n'ubutaka, zigasohora ingufu nyinshi, ingufu zigera kuri miliyoni za volts, ingufu zigera ku bihumbi bya amps, bigatuma habaho imbaraga nyinshi z'amashanyarazi n'ubwinshi bw'amashanyarazi, bigatuma umuriro unyura mu kirere unyura mu kirere. Gucika kw'amashanyarazi ni ukunanirwa kw'igihe gito, igipimo cyo gusubira inyuma kw'amashanyarazi ni kinini, kandi inzira y'amashanyarazi ishobora kugarurwa, ariko mu bihe bikomeye, bizatuma umurongo ucika, insulator icika, cyangwa kwinjira muri substation ku murongo, kandi ubushyuhe bwinshi bugahuza insinga, bigatera kwangiza imbaraga z'amashanyarazi z'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi.
Kugira ngo ugabanye ibyago by'impanuka z'inkuba mu miyoboro y'amashanyarazi, ni ngombwa gukumira ihindagurika ry'umuriro, kubaka imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi, gukubita amashanyarazi mu buryo butaziguye no guhagarika umuriro mu miyoboro y'amashanyarazi. Koresha ingamba zikurikira zo kurinda: ① Gushyirahoicyuma gifata inkuba; ② Ongeramo insinga yo gufunga; ③ Gabanya imbaraga zo gufunga umunara; ④ aho nta gice cy’ubutaka kidashingiye ku butaka; ⑤ Kongera imbaraga zo gufunga umugozi; ⑥ Shyiramo insinga zifunga mu buryo bwikora; 7 Gushyiraho umuyoboro w’amaziumuntu ufata⑧ Koresha insulation idahuje, amashanyarazi y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi uhuza imiyoboro ibiri n'ubundi buryo.
2. Inkubi y'umuyaga
Ikirere cy’inkubi y’umuyaga kijyana n’umuyaga mwinshi n’imvura, imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi izagaragara nk’imbyino z’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi, guhindagurika kw’umuyaga, gusenyuka kw’imirongo, kugwa kw’umunara n’izindi mpanuka. Uko umuvuduko w’umuyaga w’amashanyarazi wiyongera ku murongo w’amashanyarazi, amahirwe yo kugwa kw’umuyoboro aragabanuka, ariko amahirwe y’impanuka iterwa no kuzunguruka gukomeye kw’insinga, gusohora kw’umuyaga no kwangirika kw’ibintu bireremba ni menshi.
Umuvuduko w'umuyaga ni munini, uburebure bw'umurongo ujyana ubutumwa ni bwinshi, bigabanya icyuho cy'umwuka kiri hagati y'insinga n'umunara, icyiciro cy'insinga n'icyiciro, ikwirakwizwa ry'icyuho cy'umwuka ntiringana, ku buryo imbaraga z'amashanyarazi mu cyuho zigabanuka ku rugero rutandukanye, ntizishobora kwihanganira agaciro k'amashanyarazi yo gukora, gusenyuka no gusohora.
Iyo habaye inkubi y'umuyaga icyarimwe, imvura izagabanya agaciro k'ubudahangarwa bw'umwuka, insinga zikunze kugorana mu muyoboro mugufi, bityo amahirwe yo gusohora amazi yiyongera, iki gikorwa kibaho mu buryo bwinshi, igihe kirekire gisubirwamo, ubusumbane, amplitude nini, bizatera gushya, kwangirika, gucika intege n'ibindi bibazo, kandi gucika intege nyuma y'uko ibintu bihuye n'igihe biba biri hasi, ibikorwa by'abantu biba bike, igihe cyo kugarura amashanyarazi kiba kirekire. Byongeye kandi, bizanatera imikorere mibi y'imigozi y'insinga, ibikoresho, amaboko n'ibindi bishyigikirwa, ibikoresho by'inyongera n'ibikoresho, bigatera igihombo gikomeye mu bukungu.
Ku mirongo ihindagurika ifite umuvuduko muto w'umuyaga, imirongo myinshi ishobora kugenzurwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho birwanya imitingito. Iyo uhuye n'umuvuduko ukomeye w'umuyaga, ingamba zikurikira zishobora gufatwa: (1) Ongeramo inyundo irwanya imitingito hanyuma ushyireho igikoresho gikomeye cy'inyundo kugira ngo wongere ubushobozi bwo gutwara imizigo ihagaze y'umurongo utwara imizigo no kugabanya uburebure bw'umurongo; ② Shyiramo insinga zigabanya umuvuduko, uburinzi bw'insinga, wongere umubare w'insinga zicitsemo ibice, wongere imbaraga z'insinga, kandi urebe neza ko intera iri hagati y'insinga n'umunara irinzwe; (3) Uburyo bwo guhagarika umugozi w'insinga zo mu bwoko bwa V bukoreshwa kugira ngo wongere ubushobozi bw'insinga mu guhangana n'ibintu byo kunyura mu muyaga no kugabanya guhindagurika kw'umuyaga Inguni y'umugozi w'insinga; (4) Mu gihe ushushanya umunara no gushyiraho umugozi w'insinga, tekereza gusiga intera nini hagati y'insinga, kwimura aho zimanitse hasi, cyangwa kongera no kwagura ukuboko kwambukiranya.
3. Inkongi z'umuriro zo mu misozi
Inkongi z'umuriro ziterwa n'ubushyuhe bwinshi, ibintu bya muntu n'ibindi bituma umwuka ukomeza kuba mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ubushuhe buke igihe kirekire, kandi imirongo ikwirakwiza umwuka iherereye mu misozi, mu bimera byo mu ishyamba no ku butaka cyangwa hagati y'imirongo y'ibyiciro, bitewe n'izamuka ry'uduce tw'umwuka dushyuha, kwiyongera k'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi, kwihuta kw'ingendo z'uduce, no kurema imiyoboro iyobora umuriro, inzira y'umuriro irahinduka. 90% uFF0C niyo mpamvu nyamukuru y'urugendo rw'umuriro, ariko nanone harimo gutakaza ubushyuhe bwinshi bw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, gusohora insinga ku munara.
Ku mirongo ikwirakwiza umuriro mu gace k'imisozi, ukurikije imiterere y'ubutaka n'ubukungu, ubusanzwe imirongo ibiri cyangwa irenga ishyirwaho n'umunara. Mu gihe habayeho inkongi y'umuriro mu misozi, biroroshye gutuma imirongo myinshi ku muhanda umwe igwa kandi igacika icyarimwe, kandi kubera ko umuriro wo mu misozi woroshye kwaguka ku rugero runini kandi umara igihe kirekire, uzatanga umwotsi mwinshi n'ibihu bikabije, kandi umuvuduko wo gufunga umurongo uba uri hasi. Kugeza igihe umuriro ugabanutse, umwotsi uratatanye, ikirere n'ubushyuhe bw'insinga biragabanuka, biragoye gufata inzira yo kugarura umuriro mu buryo bw'ubukorano, bityo amashanyarazi y'umurongo arahagarara igihe kirekire, kandi icyarimwe, imirongo yangiritse iba myinshi, bigashyira mu kaga umutekano w'imikorere y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi.
Dukurikije impanuka y'inkongi y'umuriro mu misozi, twagombye guhera ku ngamba zo gukumira inkongi kugira ngo tugabanye ibyago byo gutwika imisozi: ① kugenzura uburebure, umubare n'ubwoko bw'ibiti hafi y'aho biri; (2) Gushyiraho ingamba zo gutabara mu gihe cy'impanuka, hagasigara uburebure n'ubugari bihagije by'inzira itekanye; ③ Uburyo bwo kurinda umurongo ni bwiza kandi bw'ingirakamaro; ④ Gushyiraho uburyo bwo gukurikirana mu gihe nyacyo, no kunoza ingaruka zo gukurikirana; ⑤ Binyuze mu bihe by'izuba, igihe n'ikirere, kongera kugenzura umurongo kugira ngo hakurweho ibyago byihishe.
4. Ibiza by'urubura
Ibiza by'urubura birimo imvura ikonje, ubukonje, ubukonje n'urubura rwinshi. Imiterere y'ikirere kidasanzwe, impinduka zishyushye n'ubukonje, bizatuma umurongo w'amashanyarazi n'umugozi w'icyuma utwikiriwe n'urubura, umurongo, uburemere bw'umunara wiyongera, ahantu h'umuyaga w'insinga, gucika kw'amazi, bigatera guhindagurika kw'insinga, kubyina, kwangirika gukomeye, impanuka z'umunara n'izindi. Umugozi w'icyuma Iyo urubura rukonje, amazi y'urubura ashongesha azatuma icyuma cy'icyuma kidakora neza, urubura rukagwa.
Dukurikije imibare, urubura rushobora kwibasira cyane iyo urubura ruhumanyijwe. Kubwibyo, kugira ngo hirindwe urubura rushya, ni ngombwa kongera isuku y'imirongo n'imigozi y'ibyuma kugira ngo hongerwe isuku; Kongera intera y'aho urubura rushobora gukonja kubera intera nto iri hagati y'ibyuma bikingira n'imitaka; Hashyizweho uburyo bwo gushyiraho imigozi y'icyuma yo mu bwoko bwa V n'imigozi y'icyuma yo mu bwoko bwa V, kandi intera y'imigozi ibiri igomba kongerwa kugira ngo hongerwe ingufu za flashover. Mu gihe cyo kubyina urubura, hagomba gukoreshwa ikoranabuhanga ryo gushonga urubura kugira ngo huhutishwe umuvuduko wo gushonga kw'urubura cyangwa hagashyirwaho uburyo bwo kongera interphase spacer kugira ngo hongerwe interphase y'imigozi no kugabanya ihungabana no gusohora kw'imigozi biterwa n'intera nto y'imigozi bitewe no kuzunguruka gukomeye n'uburebure bw'imigozi.
5. Ibindi
1) Ingano y'umwanda. Ingano y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ni ndende, iterwa n'imyanda ihumanya ikirere, umunyu, umwotsi, ivumbi, nibindi, bizatuma umwanda wiyongera ku buso bw'insinga. Bitewe n'amashanyarazi menshi akikije umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ufite ingufu nyinshi, indwara ya corona yoroshye kubaho, bigatuma habaho umubare munini w'uduce tw'amashanyarazi, dufatanye n'umwanda, bikongera ubushobozi bwo gutwara uduce tw'amashanyarazi, kandi byoroshye gusohora. Kubwibyo, umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ugomba gusukurwa ku gihe.
2) Ubushyuhe. Ubushyuhe bwinshi bwongera ubushyuhe bw'ubuso bw'insinga, bigatuma ubushyuhe ku murongo wa mbere w'amashanyarazi menshi bugorana gucika, ubushyuhe budakwirakwira neza, bigatuma ubushyuhe bwinshi bukomeza kwiyongera, bigatuma insinga yiyongera, bigagabanya intera y'umutekano hagati y'insinga n'ubutaka n'ikintu cyambukiranya, bigatera gusohoka, bigatera kugwa k'umurongo. Kubwibyo, intera iri hagati y'insinga n'ubutaka n'urwego rw'insinga ishobora kongerwa uko bikwiye.
3) Ubushuhe. Iyo molekile z'amazi zifatanye n'ubuso bw'umurongo, ingufu zikikije insinga zifata electron zigakora iyoni mbi, zigatuma ubushobozi bwa iyoni bugabanuka, zikongera ingufu za volteji, zikongera ingufu z'amashanyarazi zo mu gace ziherereyemo, kandi zigatera corona byoroshye, bigatuma ingufu zitakaza kandi zikagabanuka. Kubwibyo, mu gihe cyo guhitamo ibikoresho byo gukingira insinga, hagomba kwitabwaho uburyo ibikoresho bitagira amazi n'uburyo bitwara amazi.
4) Umuvuduko w'umwuka. Uko uburebure bugenda bwiyongera, umwuka ugenda uba muto buhoro buhoro, ubucucike buragabanuka, kandi umuvuduko w'umwuka uragabanuka, bityo voltage yo kwangirika hagati y'insinga itwara amashanyarazi n'isi, urwego rw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi n'urwego rw'umuyoboro iragabanuka, kandi kwangirika byoroshye kubaho. Kubwibyo, mu burebure bw'ubutaka, uburebure bw'insinga bugomba kugabanuka.
5) Kwangiza inyoni. Inyoni zikunda gufata amashami yapfuye mu kanwa kazo kugira ngo zubake ibyari ku munara. Iyo amashami ashyizwe hafi cyangwa agwa mu muyoboro w'amashanyarazi, biroroshye kuyagabanya. Iyo inyoni nini ziguruka cyangwa zikina, zishobora gukora ku nsinga nyinshi byoroshye, bigatuma habaho impanuka zo guhagarara cyangwa kugwa ku butaka. Kubwibyo, ibimenyetso byihariye bishobora gukorwa ku muyoboro cyangwa ku munara kugira ngo inyoni zitinye kandi zigume kure y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi.
Imiterere mibi y’ibidukikije n’ibindi bintu byangiza amashanyarazi ku muyoboro w’amashanyarazi, bizatuma inyubako z’amashanyarazi zigwa nabi cyangwa zangirika, bigatera ibura ry’amashanyarazi, ihindagurika ry’umuyoboro, bigira ingaruka ku mikorere y’umuyoboro, ubushobozi bwo gutwara n’ubushobozi bwo gutwara, guhagarika amashanyarazi, ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere yo guhagarika imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi, bigatera igihombo gikomeye mu bukungu. Mu rwego rw’umutekano, iyi nyandiko isesengura ingaruka z’umutekano n’impamvu z’imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi iterwa n’inkuba, inkubi z’umuyaga, inkongi z’umuriro mu misozi, ibiza by’urubura, urwego rw’ihumana, ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, umuvuduko w’ikirere n’ibiza by’inyoni, ndetse n’ingamba zo gukumira no kugenzura mu bihe bitandukanye n’ibintu by’imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi, hagamijwe gushimangira ubushakashatsi ku buryo bw’imikorere, igishushanyo mbonera cyumvikana no gukumira no kugenzura mu buryo bwa siyansi no mu buryo bunoze hakoreshejwe sisitemu z’amashanyarazi, amashami n’abatekinisiye. Kugira ngo umurongo w’amashanyarazi ukomeze gukora neza kandi mu buryo bwizewe.
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